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Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) is recognized as a powerful technique for chemical sensing, biological imaging, and combustion diagnostics, but it is rarely used in atmospheric detection due to complex multi-beam configuration and fine spatio-temporal control. Air lasing provides an attractive probe source for CARS, largely simplifying its implementation. Herein, we successfully detected atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) using air-lasing-based CARS spectroscopy and quantified its concentration to be 485.5 ppm and 502.0 ppm based on two CARS signals. The measured concentrations exhibit relative errors of 0.6% and 2.7% compared to the result obtained from a commercial gas analyzer. The detection limit reaches 43 ppm, which is one order of magnitude lower than previous results. The precision exhibits a nearly quadratic decay, gradually stabilizing at a constant value as the concentration increases. The precision for atmospheric CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> detection ranges from 9% to 10%. The developed spectroscopy holds great potential in standoff detection of air pollutants, biological agents, and radioactive substances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.561577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T13:59:51Z","timestamp":1747231191000},"page":"23873","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Detection of atmospheric carbon dioxide with air-lasing-based coherent Raman spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8057-0286","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ning","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7246-5442","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zelong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"Shanghai University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5236-2480","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rongyu","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5002-9768","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pengyu","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5630-0235","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0242-6830","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bo","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8087-2727","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Quanjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5063-4621","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jinping","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-33-11-23873-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endeavour.2016.07.002","volume":"40","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endeavour"},{"key":"oe-33-11-23873-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.124409","volume":"281","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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