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Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Next-generation nuclear power reactors based on liquid sodium coolant are in development to improve efficiency and safety. Fast breeder reactors could potentially achieve considerably higher fuel burn-up while producing less nuclear waste compared with current commercial technology. Monitoring of impurities in these types of reactors is important in order to prevent blockage of the cooling system or hazardous reactions due to the high reactivity of sodium with water. In this work, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is performed on a liquid sodium sample using a custom-built immersion probe system. The probe provides direct line of sight to the sample vessel in argon atmosphere for laser delivery and signal collection. Signatures of sodium, and impurities such as potassium and oxygen have been obtained. The probe height and immersion have a strong influence on the signal level and stability. Argon flow rates of 2 to 5 liters per minute produce no substantial change in signal, suggesting a steady laminar flowing regime. A high signal-to-noise ratio for impurity elements confirms the suitability of this technique for reliable impurity detection and monitoring in the reactor environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.569623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T07:59:36Z","timestamp":1753775976000},"page":"34893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Optimization of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for liquid sodium analysis"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"V.","family":"Gardette","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Burak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Frigerio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Burger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-33-16-34893-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2013.06.101","volume":"61","author":"Locatelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"oe-33-16-34893-R2","first-page":"256","volume":"148","author":"Hills","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. 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