{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:55:20Z","timestamp":1785412520873,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42130203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"B-type Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Grant","award":["XDB0780000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB0780000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We present the design of a continuous-wave (CW) sodium lidar system for spaceborne detection. Unlike conventional all-solid-state pulse sodium lidar systems that employ dual Nd: YAG lasers for sum-frequency generation, the proposed CW system adopts a compact laser architecture based on established ground-based implementations. The system transmits continuous lasers modulated by a precisely controlled pseudo-random M-sequence, enabling distance-resolved measurements from space. This study presents the theoretical design of the satellite orbit, the system configuration, and the measurement strategy along with simulations of return signals and an analysis of retrieval errors in temperature, zonal wind, and meridional wind in the mesopause region. Additionally, we assess the impact of mechanical alignment errors and environmental variability on measurement accuracy. Results demonstrate the feasibility of deploying a CW sodium lidar system for measuring global mesopause temperatures and winds from space.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.571027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T22:00:09Z","timestamp":1756850409000},"page":"40832","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Simulation of a spaceborne continuous-wave sodium lidar for the global mesopause region temperature\/wind measurements"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Ao","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04c4dkn09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04c4dkn09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengyun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04c4dkn09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5100-4429","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04c4dkn09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R1","first-page":"67","volume":"87","author":"Forbes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Geophysical Monograph Series"},{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9707","DOI":"10.1029\/JC086iC10p09707","volume":"86","author":"Lindzen","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3448","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-D-12-0347.1","volume":"70","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1117\/12.366382","volume":"3756","author":"Russell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Optical Spectroscopic Techniques and Instrumentation for Atmospheric and Space Research III"},{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL012189","volume":"28","author":"Mertens","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R7","first-page":"3756","article-title":"TIMED Doppler interferometer (TIDI)","author":"Killeen","year":"1999"},{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2005.02.031","volume":"68","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys."},{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.873771","volume":"44","author":"Waters","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing"},{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2022","DOI":"10.1029\/2022GL102398","volume":"50","author":"Mlynczak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.117229","volume":"223","author":"Si","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-16-889-2023","volume":"16","author":"Rawat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1029\/91GL01517","volume":"18","author":"She","year":"1991","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD02167","volume":"98","author":"Bills","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5401","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.51.005401","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/00107510302713","volume":"44","author":"Arnold","year":"2003","journal-title":"Contemp. Phys."},{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2020.106207","volume":"134","author":"Huo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Optics and Lasers in Engineering"},{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2022","DOI":"10.1029\/2022JD037558","volume":"127","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research (Atmospheres)"},{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-16-2263-2023","volume":"16","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9469","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.54.009469","volume":"54","author":"Krueger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5218","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.38.005218","volume":"38","author":"Nakajima","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9916","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD028742","volume":"123","author":"Dawkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos."},{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R23","first-page":"1532","article-title":"Aeolus orbit control strategy: Analysis and final implementation","author":"Serrano","year":"2019"},{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2322\/tjsass.61.99","volume":"61","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trans. Japan Soc. Aero. S Sci."},{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1964.2930","volume":"52","author":"Stone","year":"1964","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0870.2007.00285.x","volume":"60","author":"Tan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tellus Series A"},{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03999-x","volume":"599","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.5.001565","volume":"5","author":"Weis","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01414146","volume":"4","author":"Drain","year":"1972","journal-title":"Opto-electronics"},{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2020.2973908","volume":"67","author":"Haapala","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I"},{"key":"oe-33-19-40832-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microrel.2010.06.014","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microelectron. Reliab."}],"container-title":["Optics Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=oe-33-19-40832&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T19:24:16Z","timestamp":1758137056000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-33-19-40832"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/oe.571027","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-4087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-4087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OE.571027","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"18 June 2025","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2 September 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"17 September 2025","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}