{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:03:34Z","timestamp":1789430614342,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFB3200100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB3200100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study presents a reusable, high-sensitivity terahertz (THz) metasurface sensor integrated with a 4.1\u2005\u00b5m ultra-thin microfluidic channel to address the critical challenges of low sensitivity and trace solution detection in conventional THz sensing platforms. Through comprehensive numerical simulations and experimental validation, we demonstrate a sensor achieving 0.565 THz\/RIU sensitivity for minute analyte volumes (0.4 \u00b5L), representing a 2.58-to-5.64-fold enhancement over conventional THz metasurface structures. The measured resonance frequency shifts (\u0394\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">f<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) for 0.4 \u00b5L of ethanol, methanol, glycerin, and water were 363\u2005GHz, 400\u2005GHz, 475\u2005GHz, and 623\u2005GHz, respectively, with excellent agreement between experimental and simulation results. This work significantly advances THz sensing technology by enabling high-sensitivity detection of both polar and non-polar trace analytes, with important implications for biochemical sensing and aqueous solution analysis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.575143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T18:00:08Z","timestamp":1758823208000},"page":"44487","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Reusable terahertz metasurface microfluidic sensor with enhanced sensitivity for trace liquid analysis"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Yunhao","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02v51f717","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7321-556X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hongshun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02v51f717","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyao","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02v51f717","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusa","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02v51f717","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02v51f717","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02v51f717","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dingbang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02v51f717","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengxiao","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Microwave"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5506-9257","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wengang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02v51f717","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-33-21-44487-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.06.031","type":"journal-article","volume":"117","author":"Salim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"oe-33-21-44487-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2153","type":"journal-article","volume":"3","author":"Gu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"oe-33-21-44487-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2018.11.011","type":"journal-article","volume":"31","author":"Al-Naib","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. - Sci."},{"key":"oe-33-21-44487-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1039\/C2AN15820E","type":"journal-article","volume":"137","author":"Arora","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Analyst."},{"key":"oe-33-21-44487-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2025-0099","type":"journal-article","volume":"14","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"oe-33-21-44487-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113241","type":"journal-article","volume":"185","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"oe-33-21-44487-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113336","type":"journal-article","volume":"188","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"oe-33-21-44487-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18467","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NR04477J","type":"journal-article","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"oe-33-21-44487-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.201600064","type":"journal-article","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"oe-33-21-44487-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2021-0520","type":"journal-article","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"oe-33-21-44487-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.02.019","type":"journal-article","volume":"287","author":"Hassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"oe-33-21-44487-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.6b00463","type":"journal-article","volume":"3","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"oe-33-21-44487-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"031107","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4906109","type":"journal-article","volume":"106","author":"Cong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"oe-33-21-44487-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2020.03.001","type":"journal-article","volume":"163","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"oe-33-21-44487-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.201300146","type":"journal-article","volume":"1","author":"Ng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"key":"oe-33-21-44487-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"071105","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5041485","type":"journal-article","volume":"113","author":"Shih","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"oe-33-21-44487-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16378","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16762-y","type":"journal-article","volume":"7","author":"Geng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"oe-33-21-44487-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151109","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4802236","type":"journal-article","volume":"102","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"oe-33-21-44487-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2023.3314094","type":"journal-article","volume":"72","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"oe-33-21-44487-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143507","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5111584","type":"journal-article","volume":"115","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"oe-33-21-44487-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69381","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA11777E","type":"journal-article","volume":"6","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"oe-33-21-44487-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3789","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.10.003789","type":"journal-article","volume":"10","author":"Lan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-33-21-44487-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.386040","type":"journal-article","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photonics Res."},{"key":"oe-33-21-44487-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11388","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c00095","type":"journal-article","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"oe-33-21-44487-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.413361","type":"journal-article","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photonics Res."}],"container-title":["Optics Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=oe-33-21-44487&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T19:22:59Z","timestamp":1760383379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-33-21-44487"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/oe.575143","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-4087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-4087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OE.575143","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"1 August 2025","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"18 September 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"13 October 2025","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}