{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:00:46Z","timestamp":1785416446761,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62501422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62501422"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62371342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62371342"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62088101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62088101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/X040569\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/X040569\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/Y037197\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/Y037197\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Intracavity laser-based systems are emerging as key enablers for next-generation wireless communications, positioning, and wireless power transfer (WPT). Distributed coupled-cavity laser (DCCL), as a representative configuration, has been proposed to expand the field of view (FoV) and enhance safety. This paper investigates the safety assessment of DCCL-WPT systems through three case studies: skin safety, eye safety, and small-object intrusion sensitivity. First, we establish a safety analysis model to quantify irradiation levels on intruding objects in the beam path, which simulates intracavity beam propagation using diffraction modeling and gain-loss dynamics under case-specific boundary conditions. Next, we formulate an eye safety evaluation tailored for DCCL-WPT systems using a human head model to identify potential exposure angles and distances. Ray tracing confirms that intracavity beams are not focused onto the retina, making cornea exposure the primary consideration (irradiance is below 0.1 W\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Numerical results demonstrate that DCCL-WPT achieves: i) over 600 mW charging power under skin-safe conditions at 5 m distance (100 mW over 16\u00b0 FoV), and nearly 50% lower irradiance on intruding objects compared to single-cavity systems; ii) 150 mW charging power under eye-safe conditions with 650 mW 1064 nm output beam power, far beyond the typical \u223c10 mW eye-safe threshold; iii) high sensitivity to small-object intrusion, enabling hazard mitigation. These findings underscore the practicality of DCCL-WPT for mobile, long-range, and safe energy transfer, and lay the groundwork for safety-aware optimizations in real-world deployments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.575385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T07:00:08Z","timestamp":1762239608000},"page":"49690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Safety analysis for a distributed coupled-cavity laser-based wireless power transfer"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5658-7811","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mingqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03rc6as71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iman","family":"Tavakkolnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03rc6as71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingwen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03rc6as71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03rc6as71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous Systems"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Autonomous Intelligent Unmanned Systems"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9705-2701","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Harald","family":"Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-33-23-49690-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3842","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2018.2853156","type":"journal-article","volume":"34","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"oe-33-23-49690-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3995","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2022.3165187","type":"journal-article","volume":"70","author":"Kazemi","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"oe-33-23-49690-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5622","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-90321-8","type":"journal-article","volume":"15","author":"Wen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"oe-33-23-49690-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.002.2300290","type":"journal-article","volume":"62","author":"Papanikolaou","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"oe-33-23-49690-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2018.2818325","type":"journal-article","volume":"2","author":"Diamantoulakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. on Green Commun. Netw."},{"key":"oe-33-23-49690-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.007.2300121","type":"journal-article","volume":"30","author":"Soltani","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Commun."},{"key":"oe-33-23-49690-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2024.3476567","type":"journal-article","volume":"73","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"oe-33-23-49690-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2022.3181968","type":"journal-article","volume":"110","author":"Soltani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. 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Intell."}],"container-title":["Optics Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=oe-33-23-49690&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T19:20:24Z","timestamp":1778613624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-33-23-49690"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/oe.575385","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-4087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-4087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OE.575385","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"1 August 2025","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2 November 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"14 November 2025","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"Published by Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article\u2019s title, journal citation, and DOI.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}