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Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Satellite laser ranging (SLR), a cornerstone technology in space geodesy, plays a critical role in satellite orbit determination and Earth gravity field inversion. Here, we developed a compact single-photon LiDAR system for SLR operating at 1550 nm. The system features a bistatic configuration for backscattering noise suppression, an enhanced scan-tracking technique to improve dynamic target detection probability, and an absolute ranging method utilizing chaotic pulse position modulation (CPPM) and the Hough transform. Experimental results demonstrate a static target absolute ranging of 8.56 km, and dynamic ranging capabilities of up to 953.89 km with a ranging RMSE of 0.41 m. The theoretical normal point precision at high pulse repetition frequencies is estimated to be within a few millimeters. Trajectory and full-waveform analysis further validate the system\u2019s ability to detect radial velocity (\u22126.53 \u223c \u22122.05 km\/s ) and attitude changes of targets. This work proves the feasibility of single-photon LiDAR for SLR applications and enables what we believe to be new solutions for satellite orbit determination, space target identification, attitude sensing and debris monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.577499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T21:00:10Z","timestamp":1757538010000},"page":"40876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Compact single-photon LiDAR for satellite laser ranging"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6996-5321","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuxiao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04c4dkn09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-long","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04c4dkn09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8902-6746","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zheng-ping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04c4dkn09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingliang","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhibo","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0354-2855","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04c4dkn09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-zhi","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04c4dkn09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1643-225X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Feihu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04c4dkn09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-33-19-40876-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-019-01228-y","volume":"93","author":"Pearlman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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