{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:54:21Z","timestamp":1787021661370,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013404","name":"Universidad EAFIT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013404","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Consejo de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n de Hidalgo"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020884","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020884","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2042563"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2042563"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2404769"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2404769"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015349","name":"University of Massachusetts Dartmouth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Rapid, reagent-free screening tools for sickle-cell disease (SCD) are urgently needed in low-resource regions where carrier frequency is high and laboratory infrastructure is scarce. We demonstrate digital holographic microscopy (DHM) as a label-free SCD tool in Colombia, imaging 885 individual erythrocytes (443 cells from venous blood of six SCD patients and 442 cells from 5 healthy donors). Two direct optical observables were extracted: phase difference (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u0394\u03c6<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) relative to the surrounding medium and projected circularity index (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CI<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), defined as the aspect ratio between the erythrocyte\u2019s minor and major axes. Healthy cells are characterized by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u0394\u03c6<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091.72\u2009\u00b1\u20090.30 (mean \u00b1 std) rad and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CI<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.94\u2009\u00b1\u20090.04, whereas SCD cells are distributed around\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u0394\u03c6<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20093.00\u2009\u00b1\u20090.96\u2005rad and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CI<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.70\u2009\u00b1\u20090.19. Despite some minimal overlap between both distributions, SCD cells are statistically distinguishable from healthy ones based on both\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u0394\u03c6<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CI<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). A simple rule (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u0394\u03c6<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u20092.2 radians \u2227\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CI<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.85) classified individual cells with 97.40% accuracy, 94.81% sensitivity, and 100% specificity. While sophisticated classifiers can further optimize boundaries and enable anemia sub-typing, the distinctive contribution of this work is its deliberately minimalist rule \u2013 requiring no model training or engineered features \u2013 offering immediate and interpretable triage well-suited for low-resource workflows.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.580193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T06:00:10Z","timestamp":1765778410000},"page":"13405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Deoxygenation-free digital holographic microscopy discriminates sickle-cell disease in a piloted Colombian cohort via phase and shape metrics"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Karina","family":"Ortega-Sanchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03y3y9v44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Tulancingo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1344-3623","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria J.","family":"Gil-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03y3y9v44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayen","family":"Plaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9702-1013","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Padilla-Vivanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Tulancingo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6824-4675","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Earu","family":"Banoth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2794-7785","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Viviana","family":"Claver\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso"},{"name":"University of Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raul","family":"Castaneda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03y3y9v44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0448-376X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ana","family":"Doblas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Dartmouth"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1007-5028","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carlos","family":"Trujillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03y3y9v44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-34-7-13405-R1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence and mortality burden of sickle cell disease, 2000\u20132021: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume-title":"Lancet Haematol","volume":"10","author":"Thomson","year":"2023"},{"key":"oe-34-7-13405-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.v15i1.850","type":"journal-article","volume":"15","author":"Bernal","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biom\u00e9dica"},{"key":"oe-34-7-13405-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61029-X","type":"journal-article","volume":"376","author":"Rees","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"oe-34-7-13405-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.7.002385","type":"journal-article","volume":"7","author":"Yi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. 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