{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:16:31Z","timestamp":1785428191233,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"26","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Immersed reflection gratings improve spectral resolving power by enabling diffraction within a high refractive index medium. This principle has been widely adopted to make grating spectrometers more compact. Conventional immersed gratings have blazed profiles which typically show the highest efficiency for one main design wavelength. In addition, the blazed profiles tend to cause significant polarization sensitivity. In this work, we propose an alternative approach for designing an immersed grating composed of sub-wavelength structures, designed to increase diffraction efficiency and reduce polarization dependence. For a theoretical demonstration, a reflective metagrating immersed in silicon is optimized over the short-wave infrared band-3 (SWIR-3, here 2.304\u2005\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    m\u20132.405\u2005\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    m), targeting the same diffraction angles as the immersion grating used in the Sentinel-5 Earth observation mission. The structure is optimized using a modified Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES). The optimized immersed metagrating achieves an average efficiency of (over the SWIR-3 band) \u223c78%, compared to \u223c62% for the conventional immersed blazed grating, and reduces polarization sensitivity from roughly \u223c15% to \u223c5%. A manufacturing tolerance analysis is also conducted to evaluate the design\u2019s performance under systematic manufacturing errors, which revealed a degradation of \u223c10% efficiency at feature size errors of \u00b125\u2005nm and almost negligible effect on the efficiency at \u221210\u2005nm and of \u223c5% at +10\u2005nm.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.580262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T21:00:09Z","timestamp":1763586009000},"page":"53982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Design of efficient high-order immersed metagratings using an evolutionary algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1899-4596","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dhwanil","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden University"},{"name":"SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"de Nobel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna V.","family":"Kononova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard R.","family":"Brandl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02e2c7k09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Leiden University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Kohlhaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02e2c7k09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-33-26-53982-R1","first-page":"123","article-title":"Making spiffi spiffier: upgrade of the spiffi instrument for use in eris and performance analysis from re-commissioning","volume":"9908","author":"George","year":"2016"},{"key":"oe-33-26-53982-R2","first-page":"306","article-title":"Ge immersed grating manufacturing and optical verification for the metis high-resolution spectrograph","volume":"11451","author":"Ag\u00f3cs","year":"2020"},{"key":"oe-33-26-53982-R3","first-page":"648","article-title":"Gmtnirs: progress toward the giant magellan telescope near-infrared spectrograph","volume":"9908","author":"Jaffe","year":"2016"},{"key":"oe-33-26-53982-R5","author":"Soskind","year":"2011"},{"key":"oe-33-26-53982-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17245","DOI":"10.1021\/jp052595w","type":"journal-article","volume":"109","author":"Philipsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article\u2019s title, journal citation, and DOI.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}