{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T08:45:33Z","timestamp":1787993133244,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study proposes a graphene-enhanced quasi-bound state in the continuum (QBIC) terahertz metasurface biosensor for detecting pancreatic cancer biomarkers. An asymmetric double semi-elliptical metallic structure is employed to achieve a controllable transition from symmetry-protected BIC to radiative QBIC, and the asymmetry-induced perturbation excites coupling and hybridization among the magnetic dipole (MD), electric quadrupole (EQ), and magnetic quadrupole (MQ) modes, thereby significantly enhancing the localized electromagnetic field and light\u2013matter interactions. Meanwhile, monolayer graphene is introduced as a functional interface; the \u03c0\u2013\u03c0 stacking interaction between biomolecules and graphene modulates the Fermi level and conductivity of graphene, thus establishing a modulation-based intensity-quantitative detection strategy that is distinct from conventional refractive-index shift readout. Operating at 1 THz, the sensor achieves a high quality-factor (Q-factor) QBIC resonance (Q\u2009=\u2009172, FoM = 121) and an ultrahigh sensitivity of 202 GHz\/RIU through structural asymmetry tuning. It successfully demonstrates trace detection of the pancreatic cancer biomarkers CEA and CA19-9, with detection limits as low as 0.05 ng\/mL and 0.005 U\/mL, respectively. Moreover, the monolayer graphene exhibits excellent stability in solution, and the sensor can be reused following standard rinsing and drying procedures. Under ambient conditions (25 \u00b0C, 4% relative humidity), the device shows highly repeatable measurement performance. This work provides a label-free, rapid, and non-destructive terahertz sensing platform with strong potential for biosensing and biochemical monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.582144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T11:00:05Z","timestamp":1767697205000},"page":"3300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Graphene-enabled QBIC terahertz metamaterial biosensor for pancreatic cancer biomarker detection"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05jb9pq57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyang","family":"Cong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05jb9pq57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05jb9pq57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongquan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05jb9pq57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Zibo Polytechnic University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junchi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05jb9pq57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4399-0027","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05jb9pq57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2024.114117","type":"journal-article","volume":"206","author":"Gehrels","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-018-1845-0","type":"journal-article","volume":"44","author":"Faria","year":"2019","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol"},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.117788","type":"journal-article","volume":"554","author":"Ahmadipour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1039\/C7AN00413C","type":"journal-article","volume":"141","author":"Huo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.3390\/s16040502","type":"journal-article","volume":"16","author":"Trofimov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpca.5b10782","type":"journal-article","volume":"120","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c04411","type":"journal-article","volume":"95","author":"Niu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584639","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2020.584639","type":"journal-article","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Phys."},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2018.12.003","type":"journal-article","volume":"64","author":"Koshelev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193903","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.121.193903","type":"journal-article","volume":"121","author":"Koshelev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10441","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.3c03089","type":"journal-article","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22319","DOI":"10.1039\/D3CP02414H","type":"journal-article","volume":"25","author":"Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e07063","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202507063","type":"journal-article","volume":"2025","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12121120","type":"journal-article","volume":"12","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4622","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.524090","type":"journal-article","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16834","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.393397","type":"journal-article","volume":"28","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2024.130557","type":"journal-article","volume":"562","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physleta.2025.130489","type":"journal-article","volume":"544","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. A"},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6263","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b03216","type":"journal-article","volume":"12","author":"Kennehan","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900383","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.201900383","type":"journal-article","volume":"7","author":"Cong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2020-0582","type":"journal-article","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"075216","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0013345","type":"journal-article","volume":"10","author":"Hasan","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIP Adv."},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300165","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202300165","type":"journal-article","volume":"17","author":"Khand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Laser & Photonics Reviews"},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11061442","type":"journal-article","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7631","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c18207","type":"journal-article","volume":"16","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2023-0840","type":"journal-article","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3846","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stad2164","type":"journal-article","volume":"524","author":"\u00c7\u0131k\u0131nto\u011flu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc."},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200444","DOI":"10.1002\/pssb.202200444","type":"journal-article","volume":"260","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physica Status Solidi (b)"},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3225344","type":"journal-article","volume":"23","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors J."},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16630","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.454647","type":"journal-article","volume":"30","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.3c04520","type":"journal-article","volume":"7","author":"Men","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4817","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.459489","type":"journal-article","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3739","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.1c03286","type":"journal-article","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"oe-34-2-3300-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2022.123628","type":"journal-article","volume":"248","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Talanta"}],"container-title":["Optics Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=oe-34-2-3300&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T13:03:27Z","timestamp":1778677407000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-34-2-3300"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/oe.582144","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-4087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-4087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OE.582144","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"21 October 2025","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"4 January 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"23 January 2026","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}