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Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Millimeter-wave (mmWave) imaging is a vital security screening technology, prized for its non-ionizing and penetrative capabilities. However, its efficacy is fundamentally limited by the physical principle of diffraction, which acts as a low-pass filter, irreversibly attenuating the high-frequency spatial details essential for identifying concealed objects. Prevailing deep learning-based computational super-resolution methods, operating predominantly in the spatial domain, struggle to counteract this frequency-specific information loss and thus often fail to restore fine textures and sharp edges. Inspired by this physical insight, we propose the frequency-aware cross-attention transformer network (FACTNet), an architecture designed to directly confront this challenge in the frequency domain. Its core innovation, the frequency-domain transformation module (FDTM), empowers the network to learn an adaptive filter in the Fourier domain, explicitly amplifying the high-frequency spectral components suppressed during image acquisition. Evaluations on our custom mmWave security dataset demonstrate that FACTNet achieves state-of-the-art performance, yielding reconstructions with superior visual fidelity, enhanced detail, and fewer artifacts. Our work establishes that aligning a network\u2019s computational domain with the physical nature of image degradation provides a more effective and principled pathway to solving computational super-resolution reconstruction problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.582626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T20:00:10Z","timestamp":1768852810000},"page":"11076","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["FACTNet: a frequency-domain-informed transformer for mmWave image computational super-resolution in the spatial frequency domain"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Yuduo","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04azbjn80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianliang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GuangZhou GRG Intelligent Technology Solution Co., Ltd."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0832-2218","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Heng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04azbjn80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4240-0558","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Limin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04azbjn80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binglei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Institute of Special Equipment Inspection and Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengchuan","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GuangZhou GRG Intelligent Technology Solution Co., Ltd."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianglun","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04azbjn80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunhua","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04azbjn80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-34-6-11076-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.002530","type":"journal-article","volume":"19","author":"Yeom","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. 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