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Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>With the exponential growth of on-orbit space debris, timely detection and monitoring are essential for space situational awareness. Space-borne single-photon Lidar (SSPL) offers day-and-night operability and high pointing agility. Debris observations are often characterized by extremely low signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) and signal loss, which hinder reliable target discrimination and the extraction of distance trajectories. We present a variational Bayesian adaptive Kalman filtering with the Spatio-Temporal Association (VBAKF-STA) algorithm for space-borne, thousand-kilometer-range observation, integrating a variational Bayesian adaptive Kalman filter (VBAKF) with a local-measurement module to identify signal photons and reconstruct distance trajectories. Simulation results demonstrate that the VBAKF-STA recovers complete and accurate distance trajectories when SNR &lt; \u221218\u2005dB with intermittent signal loss and outperforms conventional baselines in terms of accuracy and robustness. The results support an efficient and resilient space-borne data-processing scheme for long-range, active detection of non-cooperative space targets at the thousand-kilometer scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.583470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T09:00:08Z","timestamp":1766739608000},"page":"2568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Adaptive hybrid ranging and trajectory extraction for single-photon lidar space-debris detection"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Qi\u2019an","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02txedb84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02txedb84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02txedb84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shihan","family":"Rong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02txedb84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02txedb84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanhui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02txedb84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiming","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02txedb84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Buhua","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02txedb84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-34-2-2568-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2023.02.043","type":"journal-article","volume":"210","author":"Pardini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"oe-34-2-2568-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics11070610","type":"journal-article","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photonics"},{"key":"oe-34-2-2568-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsse.2019.04.005","type":"journal-article","volume":"6","author":"Pelton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering"},{"key":"oe-34-2-2568-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60447","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3393858","type":"journal-article","volume":"12","author":"Hamidian","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"oe-34-2-2568-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5488","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.43.005488","type":"journal-article","volume":"43","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. 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