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Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We propose a cross-attention mechanism combined with ghost imaging (GI) for target recognition directly from bucket measurements, eliminating the need for object imaging at extremely low sampling ratios (SR). The sparsity of measurements at ultra-low SR poses a challenge for the traditional recognition methods. Inspired by the cross-attention mechanism\u2019s ability to highlight relevant features within data, our approach focuses on the most relevant input features within bucket measurements while disregarding noisy and irrelevant information. Our cross-attention DL model trained on GI measurements at 0.2 and 0.1 SRs achieves high recognition accuracy of 99% and 96% respectively. The cross-attention model remains robust against data augmentation and capable of classifying multi-class targets without any need for imaging, and hence eliminates the reconstruction time at ultra-low SRs maintained at 0.1 and 0.2. Experimental and simulated results validate the efficacy of our model, demonstrating the importance of image-free target recognition in autonomous vehicles, remote sensing, medical diagnostics, defense, and industrial inspection, where efficient recognition with sparse data is critical.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.584574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T13:00:27Z","timestamp":1767877227000},"page":"4779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cross-attention transformer enables image free target recognition in ghost imaging at ultra-low sampling rates"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0373-9922","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ayesha","family":"Abbas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01skt4w74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01skt4w74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory on Near-Surface Detection"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7527-8986","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rehmat","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01skt4w74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qun","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01skt4w74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Changchun University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaotong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-34-3-4779-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2024.110769","type":"journal-article","volume":"175","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. 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