{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:54:13Z","timestamp":1790960053458,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["PRIN-2022, D53D23001060006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN-2022, D53D23001060006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A light-emitting metasurface for highly efficient lasing in the visible is proposed and thoroughly theoretically studied. The metasurface comprises split-square slots etched in a thin TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    layer and periodically arrayed in a subdiffractive lattice. The slots are filled with highly fluorescent rhodamine 6G (R6G) molecules in a methanol matrix, providing optically pumped gain under pulsed excitation. Lasing is enabled by a slot-type quasi-bound state in the continuum (qBIC) offering enhanced light-matter interaction. Through a meticulous design process, the lasing threshold is minimized by mitigating reabsorption losses and effectively coupling the pump light to a bright mode exhibiting significant angular dispersion. This enables relaxed resonant pumping conditions at the desired wavelength by appropriately choosing the incidence angle. To assess the lasing response, a rigorous temporal coupled-mode theory (CMT) framework is employed, which is adapted to organic dye gain media accounting for the critical reabsorption effect. The proposed metasurface laser has a very low lasing threshold of 1\u00a0kW\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    and remarkably high efficiency of 15% at 570 nm.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.585914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T15:00:09Z","timestamp":1779462009000},"page":"37308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Lasing in strongly resonant metasurfaces with fluorescent dyes: quasi-dark and bright optical states and the reabsorption effect"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7864-5066","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Georgios","family":"Nousios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi"},{"name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4770-0955","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Odysseas","family":"Tsilipakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/033m02g29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3536-9564","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas","family":"Christopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IOGS-Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux-CNRS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2654-583X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jose F.","family":"Algorri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cantabria"},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Valdecilla"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Fuscaldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9874-5008","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francesco","family":"Dell\u2019Olio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytecnic University of Bari"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6407-2810","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emmanouil E.","family":"Kriezis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7499-5547","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dimitrios C.","family":"Zografopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi"},{"name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-34-20-37308-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1364\/AOP.510826","type":"journal-article","volume":"16","author":"Babicheva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Photonics"},{"key":"oe-34-20-37308-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2019-0110","type":"journal-article","volume":"8","author":"Vaskin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"oe-34-20-37308-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.490176","type":"journal-article","volume":"10","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"oe-34-20-37308-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.478616","type":"journal-article","volume":"10","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"oe-34-20-37308-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1039\/D2MA00910B","type":"journal-article","volume":"4","author":"Zografopoulos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"oe-34-20-37308-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6005","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c01975","type":"journal-article","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-20-37308-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000411","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202000411","type":"journal-article","volume":"15","author":"Azzam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"oe-34-20-37308-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100118","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202100118","type":"journal-article","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"oe-34-20-37308-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6480","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.505704","type":"journal-article","volume":"48","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-20-37308-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.2c01496","type":"journal-article","volume":"10","author":"Zhai","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"oe-34-20-37308-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12897","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c00547","type":"journal-article","volume":"18","author":"Barth","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"oe-34-20-37308-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.5c04888","type":"journal-article","volume":"9","author":"Nousios","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"oe-34-20-37308-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10404-007-0225-9","type":"journal-article","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microfluid. Nanofluid."},{"key":"oe-34-20-37308-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1039\/c3tc31870b","type":"journal-article","volume":"2","author":"Chua","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"oe-34-20-37308-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4615","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.446720","type":"journal-article","volume":"30","author":"Algorri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-20-37308-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2025.113398","type":"journal-article","volume":"192","author":"Nousios","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"oe-34-20-37308-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"011101","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0190631","type":"journal-article","volume":"136","author":"Christopoulos","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"oe-34-20-37308-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"064027","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.19.064027","type":"journal-article","volume":"19","author":"Nousios","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Appl."},{"key":"oe-34-20-37308-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300249","DOI":"10.1002\/adpr.202300249","type":"journal-article","volume":"5","author":"Nousios","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Photonics Res."},{"key":"oe-34-20-37308-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800071","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.201800071","type":"journal-article","volume":"13","author":"Azzam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"oe-34-20-37308-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.1c00336","type":"journal-article","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"oe-34-20-37308-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6442","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.408336","type":"journal-article","volume":"45","author":"Christopoulos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-20-37308-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.001539","type":"journal-article","volume":"19","author":"Chua","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-20-37308-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10473","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611740113","type":"journal-article","volume":"113","author":"Devlin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"oe-34-20-37308-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2022.155214","type":"journal-article","volume":"608","author":"Jolivet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"oe-34-20-37308-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2016.2573200","type":"journal-article","volume":"28","author":"Palatnik","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-20-37308-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205422","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.97.205422","type":"journal-article","volume":"97","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"oe-34-20-37308-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3494","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.44.003494","type":"journal-article","volume":"44","author":"Gras","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-20-37308-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"035413","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.107.035413","type":"journal-article","volume":"107","author":"Christopoulos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"}],"container-title":["Optics Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=oe-34-20-37308&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:26:14Z","timestamp":1790180774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-34-20-37308"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/oe.585914","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-4087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-4087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OE.585914","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"4 December 2025","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"21 May 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"23 September 2026","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}