{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:03:13Z","timestamp":1785420193686,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Foundation - Flanders","award":["1SB7720N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1SB7720N"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03qtxy027","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research Foundation - Flanders","award":["1SB7722N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1SB7722N"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03qtxy027","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"Horizon Europe","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CALADAN 825453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CALADAN 825453"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We present an optical transmitter consisting of a SiGe BiCMOS driver amplifier heterogeneously integrated through micro-transfer printing onto a silicon photonic chip that contains a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) and optical couplers. The driver has a footprint of only 200\u2009\u00b5m \u00d7 300\u2009\u00b5m, and features small bond pads of 20\u2009\u00b5m \u00d7 20\u2009\u00b5m. It was fabricated using a modified SiGe BiCMOS on SOI process to enable the release process prior to micro-transfer printing. The post-print metallization process to contact the EIC with the PIC consists of spin coating a layer of divinylsiloxane-bis-benzocyclobutene (DVS-BCB) to create a ramp to overcome the 20\u2009\u00b5m step height, after which a gold metal layer is deposited to connect the driver to the MZM. To verify the operation of the optical transmitter, a high-speed measurement setup is used to capture eye diagrams. The 3D-integrated transmitter achieves 56\u2009Gb\u2215s non-return to zero (NRZ) with a 5-tap feed-forward equalizer (FFE) and 28\u2009GBd 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) with a 5-tap FFE and nonlinearity pre-compensation, both at a total transmitter power efficiency of 9.1\u2009pJ\u2215bit. Integration through micro-transfer printing offers the possibility of greatly increasing scalability and fabrication throughput of short-reach optical transceivers for data centers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.586228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T12:00:11Z","timestamp":1773748811000},"page":"20833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["56-Gb\/s 3D-integrated silicon optical transmitter based on micro-transfer printing"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2225-0505","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tinus","family":"Pannier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University - imec"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University - imec"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4903-5170","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ye","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University - imec"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1727-0686","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University - imec"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasanna","family":"Ramaswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"X-Celeprint Ltd., Cork"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9511-3344","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ruggero","family":"Loi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"X-Celeprint Ltd., Cork"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Heise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHP - Leibniz Institute for High Performance Microelectronics"},{"name":"Technical University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4952-5014","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Senbiao","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University - imec"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9831-2808","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Biwei","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University - imec"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6608-9990","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University - imec"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neha","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"imec, Kapeldreef 75"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Bode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"imec, Kapeldreef 75"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Velenis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"imec, Kapeldreef 75"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joris","family":"Van Campenhout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"imec, Kapeldreef 75"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcnther","family":"Roelkens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University - imec"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Ossieur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University - imec"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-34-11-20833-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7298","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2024.3421919","type":"journal-article","volume":"42","author":"Jo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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