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Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Flexible mode manipulation is essential for the large-scale construction of mode-division multiplexing (MDM) systems, enabling arbitrary signal exchanging, routing, and multiplexing to significantly enhance optical interconnection capacity. A compact and flexible mode manipulation scheme is demonstrated, centered on a mode exchanger (ME) optimized by intelligent algorithms. Taking four-mode exchangers based on a B\u00e9zier curve profile waveguide and corresponding mode add-drop multiplexers (MADMs) as examples, theoretical analysis and experimental verification of their flexible mode manipulation capabilities are presented. Experimental measurements on the fabricated ME\n                    <jats:sub>01\/23<\/jats:sub>\n                    , ME\n                    <jats:sub>02\/13<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and ME\n                    <jats:sub>03\/12<\/jats:sub>\n                    mode exchangers reveal insertion loss (IL) below 1.8\u2005dB and crosstalk (CT) better than \u221210\u2005dB, spanning the wavelength ranges of 1515\u20131570\u2005nm, 1508\u20131580\u2005nm, and 1519\u20131580\u2005nm, respectively. All three devices feature a compact footprint of less than 6\u2009\u00d7\u20093 \u03bcm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Meanwhile, characterization of the three-mode add-drop multiplexers (MADMs) operating over the C-band (1530\u20131565\u2005nm) verifies IL of less than 2.4\u2005dB and CT exceeding \u221210.0\u2005dB for all transmission modes. Notably, the proposed mode manipulation strategy offers theoretical scalability to higher-order modes, overcoming a key limitation of conventional MDM systems: the inability to directly access specific low-order modes in multimode bus waveguides. These findings thus provide critical technical foundations for integration into next-generation high-density optical communication systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.586767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T19:00:06Z","timestamp":1768244406000},"page":"2822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Flexible add-drop multiplexers for mode manipulation using mode exchangers"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2276-619X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yaxin","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04ct4d772","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6456-5559","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhenzhao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuzhou University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04ct4d772","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6947-6002","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4359-1552","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Min","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6797-8383","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shengbao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8937-3879","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jinbiao","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04ct4d772","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-34-2-2822-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16454","type":"journal-article","volume":"528","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"oe-34-2-2822-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01506-3","type":"journal-article","volume":"8","author":"Feldmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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