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Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Benefiting from the increasing number of nested layers, the loss of hollow-core antiresonant fibers (HC-ARFs) has been rapidly decreasing. However, merely increasing the number of cladding unit layers (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) does not always reduce loss, even ignoring fabrication difficulties. Proper air layer thickness (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">h<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is also critical. With a fixed core radius (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), increasing\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    often reduces the number of cladding units (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). This study systematically explores how\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">h<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M<\/jats:italic>\n                    affect confinement loss (CL) and bending loss (BL), leading to the design of ultra-low loss multi-nested HC-ARFs. The results indicate that the optimal\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">h<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R<\/jats:italic>\n                    for the multilayer truncated nested antiresonant fiber with uniformly thick air layers and the multilayer nested antiresonant nodeless fiber with crescent-shaped air layers are 0.34\u20130.66 and 0.35\u20130.71, respectively. Under the structural configuration of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20094 and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20095, these designs achieve ultralow CL of 1.43\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u22128<\/jats:sup>\n                    dB\/m and 3.93\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u22128<\/jats:sup>\n                    dB\/m, respectively. These results offer key design principles for next-generation multi-nested HC-ARFs that combine ultralow loss with manufacturability, ideal for long-haul communications and high-power laser delivery.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.586958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T04:00:09Z","timestamp":1769140809000},"page":"5183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design of ultra-low loss multi-nested hollow-core antiresonant fibers"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Limin","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/037b1pp87","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3341-5299","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yunhao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/037b1pp87","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanfei","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/037b1pp87","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/037b1pp87","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/037b1pp87","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/037b1pp87","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pingxue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/037b1pp87","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-34-3-5183-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.27.001592","type":"journal-article","volume":"27","author":"Litchinitser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Opt. 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