{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:53:40Z","timestamp":1785430420378,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"name":"NS Nanotech Inc"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The continued drive toward device miniaturization and monolithic integration has created an urgent need for nanoscale light sources with high efficiency and controllable carrier dynamics. Here, we report a gate-all-around (GAA) nanoscale light-emitting diode (nano-LED), in which a conformal gate electrode surrounds both the n-GaN region and the InGaN\/GaN multiple-quantum-wells (MQWs) active region. By simply electrically modulating the surface potential, the GAA structure suppresses surface carrier recombination and confines radiative recombination to the undamaged central bulk region, overcoming a primary efficiency bottleneck in submicron III-nitride emitters. Moreover, the proposed GAA nano-LED exhibits transistor-like current modulation, with positive gate bias enhancing carrier injection and negative bias suppressing it, enabling full on-off switching of electroluminescence. Importantly, negative gate bias reduces surface recombination and non-radiative leakage, resulting in a nearly fourfold enhancement of peak quantum yield. Hence, this work demonstrates, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, a vertically integrated GAA field effect transistor-LED platform at the nanoscale and establishes a promising route for achieving high-efficiency nanowire LEDs and large-scale three-dimensional optoelectronic integration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.588188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T16:00:07Z","timestamp":1778688007000},"page":"23712","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vertically integrated gate-all-around nano-LED with enhanced radiative efficiency"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4508-4880","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yakshita","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huabin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6304-4092","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yixin","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifu","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3605-2887","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuanpeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9494-7390","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zetian","family":"Mi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2017.29","type":"journal-article","volume":"19","author":"Theis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20190061","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2019.0061","type":"journal-article","volume":"378","author":"Shalf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3271","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.431933","type":"journal-article","volume":"46","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106501","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6633\/aa7bb2","type":"journal-article","volume":"80","author":"Moustakas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Phys."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210123","DOI":"10.29026\/oea.2022.210123","type":"journal-article","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opto-Electron. Adv."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/abcfe4","type":"journal-article","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-020-0341-9","type":"journal-article","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Light: Sci. Appl."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2022.3160455","type":"journal-article","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-018-0117-x","type":"journal-article","volume":"1","author":"Salahuddin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-025-01754-6","type":"journal-article","volume":"19","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2015.2498923","type":"journal-article","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electron Devices"},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-016-1396-7","type":"journal-article","volume":"11","author":"Guerfi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5b04926","type":"journal-article","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11293","type":"journal-article","volume":"488","author":"Tomioka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10301","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46186-9","type":"journal-article","volume":"9","author":"Fatahilah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"074599","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JNP.7.074599","type":"journal-article","volume":"7","author":"Arafin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nanophotonics"},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pquantelec.2015.11.001","type":"journal-article","volume":"44","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"011104","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0005436","type":"journal-article","volume":"117","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445202","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/22\/44\/445202","type":"journal-article","volume":"22","author":"Nguyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"PC1243006","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2643288","type":"journal-article","volume":"PC12430","author":"Malhotra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202102263","type":"journal-article","volume":"10","author":"Navid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30494","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.030494","type":"journal-article","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151103","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0129234","type":"journal-article","volume":"122","author":"Pandey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32826","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.435871","type":"journal-article","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2015.0770","type":"journal-article","volume":"51","author":"Kishino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6393","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2023.3321705","type":"journal-article","volume":"70","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices"},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14060511","type":"journal-article","volume":"14","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"071102","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5144819","type":"journal-article","volume":"116","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1002\/pssr.201600059","type":"journal-article","volume":"10","author":"Bulashevich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rapid Res. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4817834","type":"journal-article","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIP Adv."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435103","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ac8bdf","type":"journal-article","volume":"55","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-020-03372-3","type":"journal-article","volume":"15","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2022.166072","type":"journal-article","volume":"921","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-022-03669-5","type":"journal-article","volume":"17","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A643","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.00A643","type":"journal-article","volume":"27","author":"Kou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.1c01339","type":"journal-article","volume":"9","author":"Finot","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2021.117937","type":"journal-article","volume":"234","author":"Boussadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2203128","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202203128","type":"journal-article","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202300199","type":"journal-article","volume":"17","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.443165","type":"journal-article","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photonics Res."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.2c04220","type":"journal-article","volume":"23","author":"Pandey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00791","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202500791","type":"journal-article","volume":"19","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s12200-024-00111-9","type":"journal-article","volume":"17","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Optoelectron."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1109\/LED.2019.2895846","type":"journal-article","volume":"40","author":"Hartensveld","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Electron Device Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"061116","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3081059","type":"journal-article","volume":"94","author":"Vampola","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3694967","type":"journal-article","volume":"100","author":"Akyol","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17557","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.487475","type":"journal-article","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0033703","type":"journal-article","volume":"118","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R50","author":"Sze","year":"2002"},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R51","author":"Mishra","year":"2007"},{"key":"oe-34-13-23712-R52","author":"Schubert","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["Optics Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=oe-34-13-23712&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T15:59:25Z","timestamp":1781798365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-34-13-23712"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/oe.588188","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-4087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-4087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OE.588188","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"18 December 2025","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"30 March 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"18 June 2026","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}