{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:58:57Z","timestamp":1785427137985,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["No. 2023YFB4603801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2023YFB4603801"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. 52176173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 52176173"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. 21FAA02809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 21FAA02809"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program","award":["2021ZT09L227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZT09L227"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. 2020A1515110192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2020A1515110192"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No.2022A1515010710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.2022A1515010710"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. 2023B1515040023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2023B1515040023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["22hytd08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22hytd08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Energy consumption in the construction sector is escalating rapidly, making smart windows with efficient multi-spectral thermal regulation critical for energy conservation and occupant comfort. However, existing smart windows are predominantly limited to 2\u20133 sequential or non-independent switching modes, failing to adapt to dynamic all-season and day-and-night compatible conditions. Herein, we report a quad-mode smart window structure designed via intelligent optimization algorithms (IOA) assistance, far outperforming traditional brute-force approaches, integrating two phase-change materials (PCMs: GST and VO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) for independent and synergistic spectral regulation. The structure comprises a functional layer composed of a stack of multiple materials and a stable Ag and SiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    substrate, enabling four independently switchable modes. GST independently modulates visible transmittance, while VO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    controls infrared emissivity in the 8\u201313\u2005\u00b5m atmospheric window. Theoretical characterizations demonstrate a solar modulation efficiency of 29.3%, a maximum cooling effect of 3.2\u00b0C, and a heating enhancement of 1.5\u00b0C compared to normal glass. Additionally, the structure maintains robust spectral stability under 15% fabrication tolerance perturbations. This IOA-designed, PCM-integrated quad-mode smart window achieves unprecedented adaptability to complex environments, offering significant potential for high-efficiency building energy savings and multi-functional optical device applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.591712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T07:00:06Z","timestamp":1778482806000},"page":"20689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intelligent optimization algorithms-assisted design of quad-mode smart window based on GST and VO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    for all-season thermal management"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4113-0002","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yanxi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0064kty71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9821-1959","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lulu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0064kty71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7646-8193","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ke","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0064kty71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27885","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.027885","type":"journal-article","volume":"26","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.06.119","type":"journal-article","volume":"146","author":"Jeong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renewable Energy"},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4134","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.2c01969","type":"journal-article","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2202129","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202202129","type":"journal-article","volume":"11","author":"Jeon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2500068","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202500068","type":"journal-article","volume":"19","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Laser & Photonics Rev."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"090501","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0087687","type":"journal-article","volume":"121","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105894","type":"journal-article","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2024.03.012","type":"journal-article","volume":"75","author":"Ishii","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14537","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.4c02639","type":"journal-article","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2023-0627","type":"journal-article","volume":"13","author":"Yoo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2024.108870","type":"journal-article","volume":"198","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2022.01.012","type":"journal-article","volume":"6","author":"Hippalgaonkar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-024-01349-z","type":"journal-article","volume":"7","author":"Shao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2106090","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202106090","type":"journal-article","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg0291","type":"journal-article","volume":"374","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34429","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c13103","type":"journal-article","volume":"19","author":"Ryu","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10007","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TA00849D","type":"journal-article","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2109597","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202109597","type":"journal-article","volume":"32","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705365","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201705365","type":"journal-article","volume":"28","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7819","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35513-w","type":"journal-article","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6003","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.2c00421","type":"journal-article","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Energy Mater."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1039\/D5EE02750K","type":"journal-article","volume":"11","author":"Dinga","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e04483","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202504483","type":"journal-article","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2401869","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202401869","type":"journal-article","volume":"36","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23554","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202523554","type":"journal-article","volume":"36","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2020.110921","type":"journal-article","volume":"222","author":"Chowdhary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Solar Energy Mater. and Solar Cells"},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.412932","type":"journal-article","volume":"60","author":"Chowdhary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5224","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.441605","type":"journal-article","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33622","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.500867","type":"journal-article","volume":"31","author":"Nong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100575","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202100575","type":"journal-article","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13610","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.424226","type":"journal-article","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44811","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.510680","type":"journal-article","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-018-0060-7","type":"journal-article","volume":"7","author":"Malkiel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Light: Sci. Appl."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6570","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.8b03171","type":"journal-article","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.7b01377","type":"journal-article","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1145\/3422622","type":"journal-article","volume":"63","author":"Goodfellow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09102-y","type":"journal-article","volume":"643","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2025.125805","type":"journal-article","volume":"267","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.37188\/lam.2025.016","type":"journal-article","volume":"6","author":"Quan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Light: Adv. Manufact."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900188","DOI":"10.1002\/andp.201900188","type":"journal-article","volume":"531","author":"Wan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Phys."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.560090","type":"journal-article","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1145\/358923.358929","type":"journal-article","volume":"32","author":"Coello","year":"2000","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R44","author":"Boyce","year":"2003"},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030025","type":"journal-article","volume":"38","author":"Tsubomi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Experimental Psychol. Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046162","type":"journal-article","volume":"64","author":"Stevens","year":"1957","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-8949\/32\/4\/026","type":"journal-article","volume":"32","author":"Granqvist","year":"1985","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.456134","type":"journal-article","volume":"47","author":"Chowdhary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11392","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202511392","type":"journal-article","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmat.2024.03.015","type":"journal-article","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Materiomics"},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e06980","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202506980","type":"journal-article","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41213","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.538463","type":"journal-article","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202400233","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.202400233","type":"journal-article","volume":"25","author":"Kamptner","year":"2024","journal-title":"ChemPhysChem"},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13883","type":"journal-article","volume":"515","author":"Raman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"oe-34-11-20689-R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6789","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.51.006789","type":"journal-article","volume":"51","author":"Kischkat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."}],"container-title":["Optics Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=oe-34-11-20689&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T14:28:56Z","timestamp":1779978536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-34-11-20689"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/oe.591712","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-4087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-4087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OE.591712","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"17 February 2026","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"7 May 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"28 May 2026","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}