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Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Phase-sensitive, ultralow-phase-noise, and frequency-stable optical salinometers have recently been recognized as the ideal solution for overcoming resolution limitations, sensing constraints, and anti-interference. Benefiting from the low transmission loss of 450\u2005nm blue laser in seawater, we propose and demonstrate an interferometric salinity sensing architecture based on an ultra-high quality (Q) factor crystalline whispering gallery mode (WGM) cavity, which enables the construction of a strongly coherent, configurable optical frequency comb (OFC) through a controllable self-injection feedback path, thereby generating a low-phase-noise beat-frequency signal. Free-space laser and tightly confined WGM cavity prism coupling devices are established, enabling precise control of laser nonlinear dynamics within a 6% self-injection feedback power range. Meanwhile, a marine salinity sensing system with a sensitivity of 56.94 mRad\/\u2030@25\u00b0C is demonstrated, achieving a minimum Allen deviation salinity sensing limit of 1.85\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2030. This work not only provides a technical approach for high-precision salinity detection but also lays the theoretical and experimental foundation for expanding the application of external cavity feedback lasers in extreme environments and high-precision optical sensing.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.592125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T14:00:39Z","timestamp":1773151239000},"page":"11214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Self-injection blue laser interferometric salinometer via configurable beating frequency"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Guohui","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/047bp1713","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiamin","family":"Rong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/047bp1713","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Normal University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenguang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/047bp1713","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/047bp1713","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanru","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/047bp1713","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/047bp1713","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enbo","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/047bp1713","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/047bp1713","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/047bp1713","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-34-6-11214-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/s41529-023-00370-5","type":"journal-article","volume":"7","author":"Vuong","year":"2023","journal-title":"npj Mater. 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