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Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    High-energy short-pulse laser systems demonstrated to date have been limited to low repetition rates due to significant thermal management challenges associated with scaling these systems to high average power, including the need to understand the thermal fracture limits of laser gain media. In this paper, we demonstrate the thermal fracture limits of two high-average-power gain media in a realistic diode-pumped amplifier geometry: a 5\u2009mm thick Nd:APG-1 slab and a 2\u2009mm thick Tm:YLF slab, both cooled by room-temperature helium gas. Finite element analysis revealed maximum tensile stress at fracture of 25\u2009\u00b1\u20093\u00a0MPa for Nd:APG-1 and 30\u2009\u00b1\u20093\u00a0MPa for Tm:YLF. These stress levels correspond to average volumetric heat loads of 13\u2009\u00b1\u20091\u00a0W\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    in Nd:APG-1 and 247\u2009\u00b1\u200912\u00a0W\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    in Tm:YLF. Additional simulations show geometric scaling: thinner slabs tolerate higher heat loads before fracture, while larger pump spots reach the fracture stress at lower heat loads.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.592792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T07:00:07Z","timestamp":1774422007000},"page":"13234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Demonstration of thermal fracture limits of gas-cooled Nd:APG-1 and Tm:YLF slabs"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Zbynek","family":"Hubka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/041nk4h53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Issa","family":"Tamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/041nk4h53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1345-6245","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Franti\u0161ek","family":"Batysta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/041nk4h53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Sistrunk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/041nk4h53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Owens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/041nk4h53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Church","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/041nk4h53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Galvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/041nk4h53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Chemali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/041nk4h53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drew","family":"Willard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/041nk4h53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Galbraith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/041nk4h53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/041nk4h53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Schaffers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/041nk4h53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9407-477X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saumyabrata","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/041nk4h53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Plummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/041nk4h53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9086-1039","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tayyab","family":"Suratwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/041nk4h53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan A.","family":"Reagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/041nk4h53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8974-0253","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Spinka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/041nk4h53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-34-7-13234-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"T08006","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/18\/08\/T08006","type":"journal-article","volume":"18","author":"Kiani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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