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Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We report broadly tunable diode-pumped laser operation of a disordered Tm:CALYO aluminate crystal on the\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2192\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>\n                    transition. By applying an intracavity birefringent filter, continuous tuning ranges of 258\u2005nm (2254\u20132512\u2005nm) and 225\u2005nm (2235\u20132460\u2005nm) were achieved for the \u03c0- and \u03c3-polarized eigen polarization states of this uniaxial crystal, respectively. In the free-running regime, the Tm:CALYO laser delivered a maximum continuous-wave output power of 1.10 W at 2.3\u2005\u00b5m with a slope efficiency of 6.4%. The polarized spectroscopic properties of Tm\n                    <jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ions in CALYO were systematically investigated to explain the observed laser behavior. The stimulated-emission cross section for \u03c0-polarized light reaches 0.23\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u221220<\/jats:sup>\n                    cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    at 2353\u2005nm, corresponding to an emission bandwidth exceeding 250\u2005nm, while the intrinsic luminescence lifetime of the\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    upper laser level is about 400 \u00b5s. Attention was devoted to crystal annealing conditions, which were found to play a critical role in optimizing laser performance and represent a pathway for further improvement. Owing to its exceptionally broad emission bandwidth and good thermal properties, Tm:CALYO emerges as a promising gain material for femtosecond pulse generation at 2.3\u20132.4\u2005\u00b5m.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.596707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T08:00:08Z","timestamp":1775116808000},"page":"15207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Broadly tunable continuous-wave Tm:CALYO laser operating on the\n                    <sup>3<\/sup>\n                    H\n                    <sub>4<\/sub>\n                    \u2192\n                    <sup>3<\/sup>\n                    H\n                    <sub>5<\/sub>\n                    transition"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Zeshang","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0207yh398","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirill","family":"Eremeev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Caen Normandie"},{"name":"CNRS-INSA-Universit\u00e9 de Rouen Normandie"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7965-7069","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhongben","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0207yh398","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4270-0668","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pavel","family":"Loiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Caen Normandie"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0207yh398","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1231-2381","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hongwei","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0207yh398","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6354-5599","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Han","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0207yh398","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Normani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Caen Normandie"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Braud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Caen Normandie"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrice","family":"Camy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Caen Normandie"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4357-7032","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ammar","family":"Hideur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS-INSA-Universit\u00e9 de Rouen Normandie"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7550-6351","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dechun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0207yh398","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-34-8-15207-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.481997","type":"journal-article","volume":"48","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. 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