{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:55:37Z","timestamp":1785412537138,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFB2905402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB2905402"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U24B20169, 62225503, 62275127, U22B2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24B20169, 62225503, 62275127, U22B2010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013058","name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["BE2022055-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2022055-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013058","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Research Start-up Foundation of Recruiting Talents of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","award":["Grant No. NY224100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. NY224100"]}]},{"name":"Suzhou Polytechnic University, University-level Scientific Research Platform","award":["KY2025PT02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KY2025PT02"]}]},{"name":"The Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China","award":["24KJB510020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24KJB510020"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Qing Lan Project"},{"name":"The Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of NUIST"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A secure layered coding multiple access (LCMA) scheme based on power division multiplexing (PDM) is proposed for low-cost intensity modulation direct detection (IMDD) passive optical networks (PONs). The proposed PDM-LCMA scheme achieves layered modulation by deconstructing heterogeneous user data into a shared layer and a dedicated layer, enabling flexible adjustment of the signal structure based on differentiated quality of service (QoS) requirements. Experimental results demonstrate that the LCMA-PON signal exhibits high robustness over a 25\u2005km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) transmission at a data rate of 18.23 Gb\/s. Compared with conventional power-domain non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), the average receiver sensitivity of the two users is improved by approximately 3.5\u2005dB and 2\u2005dB at \u03b3=2 and \u03b3=3, respectively, at the 3.8\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                    hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold; even under high heterogeneity (\u03b3=5), LCMA maintains a performance advantage of approximately 0.75\u2005dB. Specifically, robust demodulation is still achieved in extreme scenarios where NOMA fails, given nearly identical QoS requirements. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the introduced chaotic-driven dual-layer subcarrier scrambling mechanism enhances physical-layer security to a certain extent without degrading transmission performance, offering potential application value and technical support for the evolution of future PON systems that must coexist with high-capacity, service-flexible, and high-security requirements.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.597006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T20:00:10Z","timestamp":1777060810000},"page":"18275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Security-enhanced layered coding multiple access for heterogeneous QoS requirements in IMDD-PONs"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology"},{"name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications"},{"name":"Tsinghua University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianxin","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaya","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou Polytechnic University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuaidong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianye","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiumin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1169-9078","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qinghua","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9877-1337","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanxi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-34-10-18275-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.489228","type":"journal-article","volume":"15","author":"Bonk","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Opt. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"oe-34-10-18275-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4315","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2019.2923546","type":"journal-article","volume":"37","author":"Rawachy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-34-10-18275-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2019.2950889","type":"journal-article","volume":"38","author":"Wey","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-34-10-18275-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A20","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.10.000A20","type":"journal-article","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Opt. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"oe-34-10-18275-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2018.2881933","type":"journal-article","volume":"37","author":"Harstead","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-34-10-18275-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43115","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.510135","type":"journal-article","volume":"31","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-10-18275-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2023.3312090","type":"journal-article","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-34-10-18275-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2023.3333320","type":"journal-article","volume":"42","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-34-10-18275-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14673","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.488208","type":"journal-article","volume":"31","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-10-18275-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35580","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.456400","type":"journal-article","volume":"30","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-10-18275-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3145234","type":"journal-article","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun."},{"key":"oe-34-10-18275-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8912","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.008912","type":"journal-article","volume":"27","author":"Haigh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-10-18275-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34031","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.034031","type":"journal-article","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-10-18275-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35740","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.035740","type":"journal-article","volume":"27","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-10-18275-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.571460","type":"journal-article","volume":"17","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Opt. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"oe-34-10-18275-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2025.104466","type":"journal-article","volume":"95","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"oe-34-10-18275-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics11030206","type":"journal-article","volume":"11","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photonics"},{"key":"oe-34-10-18275-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151258","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3599664","type":"journal-article","volume":"13","author":"Al-Hameed","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"oe-34-10-18275-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6177","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2025.3590763","type":"journal-article","volume":"6","author":"Al-Sakkaf","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc."},{"key":"oe-34-10-18275-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.583147","type":"journal-article","volume":"51","author":"Ren","year":"2026","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-10-18275-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6100","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.3000192","type":"journal-article","volume":"19","author":"de Sena","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun."},{"key":"oe-34-10-18275-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5440","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2022.3176878","type":"journal-article","volume":"40","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-34-10-18275-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136710","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3117446","type":"journal-article","volume":"9","author":"Dixit","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"oe-34-10-18275-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3191937","type":"journal-article","volume":"24","author":"Mao","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"},{"key":"oe-34-10-18275-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21236","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.399703","type":"journal-article","volume":"28","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-10-18275-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38640","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.504520","type":"journal-article","volume":"31","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-10-18275-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21258","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.526001","type":"journal-article","volume":"32","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Express"}],"container-title":["Optics Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=oe-34-10-18275&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T13:13:30Z","timestamp":1778678010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-34-10-18275"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/oe.597006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-4087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-4087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OE.597006","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"4 March 2026","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"24 April 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"8 May 2026","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}