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Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper describes the progression from free-running to FM and AM mode locking in a semiconductor laser. Experiments on quantum-dot lasers, supported by analyses based on multimode semiclassical laser theory, indicate AM and FM mode locking as two manifestations of the frequency locking phenomenon. Free-running corresponds to unlocked, FM corresponds to partially locked, and AM corresponds to locked dynamical regimes of coupled nonlinear oscillators. Reduction of the microscopic semiclassical laser equations to Adler\u2019s equation provides insight by connecting FM behavior to the rich dynamics exhibited by partial locking, including bifurcation, coherence collapse, and chaos.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.601118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T07:00:05Z","timestamp":1780642805000},"page":"26254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["AM and FM mode-locking dynamics in a semiconductor quantum-dot laser"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5826-6723","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bozhang","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Energy Efficiency, University of California"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingzhao","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Polytechnique de Paris"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weng W.","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sandia National Laboratories"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heming","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Polytechnique de Paris"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4641-6944","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shihao","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Technology University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geza","family":"Kurczveil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large-Scale Integrated Photonics Lab, Hewlett Packard Labs, Hewlett Packard Enterprise"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond G.","family":"Beausoleil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large-Scale Integrated Photonics Lab, Hewlett Packard Labs, Hewlett Packard Enterprise"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8236-098X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Frederic","family":"Grillot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval"},{"name":"Institut Polytechnique de Paris"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4270-8296","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John E.","family":"Bowers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Energy Efficiency, University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-34-14-26254-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1970.7926","type":"journal-article","volume":"58","author":"Smith","year":"1970","journal-title":"Proc. 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