{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T22:01:03Z","timestamp":1790114463964,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen","award":["SZZYSM202411004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZZYSM202411004"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shenzhen","award":["JCYJ20250604182049064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20250604182049064"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study introduces a multi-band metasurface absorber, optimized for high-sensitivity detection of hepatic (liver) cancer. The unit cell comprises a top ITO sheet with several \"+\" - shaped slots, in which a graphene layer is incorporated into the central slot. This layer is attached to a quartz glass substrate to provide optical clarity, while a continuous ITO ground layer is used to mitigate electromagnetic (EM) transmission. Simulation results indicate that the structure attains exceptional absorption of 95%, 99%, 96%, and 94% at 0.594 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">f<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), 0.988 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">f<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), 1.196 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">f<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), and 1.518 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">f<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) THz, respectively. Electric field distribution and an equivalent electric circuit (EEC) analysis are used to theoretically analyze and confirm the resonance properties and physical operating mechanism. Furthermore, the proposed multi-band metasurface absorber demonstrates a sensitivity of 36 GHz\/RIU, a Figure of Merit (FOM) of 2045 RIU\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and a quality factor (Q-factor) of 70, thereby enabling reliable and precise detection of minor refractive index fluctuations associated with hepatic cancer biomarkers. To improve diagnostic accuracy, a deep learning (DL) analysis framework is used to distinguish cancerous hepatic tissues. The model demonstrates 99.9% accuracy on the training data, with a validation accuracy of 98.7%. Owing to its multi-band adaptability and DL-driven enhanced detection accuracy, the proposed work provides a revolutionary foundation for next-generation visually accessible oncological diagnostics and advanced biomedical imaging.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.603660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:00:06Z","timestamp":1788411606000},"page":"37286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["ITO-based multi-band metasurface absorber for early detection of hepatic cancer through deep learning"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Uswa","family":"Farooq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Hospital, Medical School, Shenzhen University"},{"name":"Shenzhen University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamza","family":"Asif Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fozia","family":"Murtaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moath","family":"Alathbah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Hospital, Medical School, Shenzhen University"},{"name":"Shenzhen University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-34-20-37286-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e33272","type":"journal-article","volume":"10","author":"Shamim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"oe-34-20-37286-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"014001","DOI":"10.1117\/1.APN.5.1.014001","type":"journal-article","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. 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