{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T14:06:51Z","timestamp":1784729211779,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Research Program of Jiangsu","award":["BK20240312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20240312"]}]},{"name":"The Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Edu-cation Institutions of China","award":["24KJB180022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24KJB180022"]}]},{"name":"Wuxi \u201cTaihu Light\u201d Science and Technology Research Project","award":["K20231005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K20231005"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Laser Equipment Innovation and Entrepreneurship Community Project","award":["JGGTT2025-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JGGTT2025-02"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Laser Equipment Innovation and Entrepreneurship Community Project","award":["JGGTT2025-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JGGTT2025-03"]}]},{"name":"Wuxi University Research Start-up Fund for Introduced Talents","award":["2024r017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024r017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Waveguide-structured mode converters are essential in integrated photonics for multidimensional optical control, directly impacting the capacity and reliability of optical communication, interconnects, and mode-division multiplexing. Passive designs achieve fixed mode conversion by tailoring waveguide geometry and refractive index profile; while active control expand the flexibility through external stimuli that modulate waveguide properties for mode conversion. However, most devices confine mode conversion to the adjustment of intensity distribution under a single polarization state and lack the functionality for selective mode conversion. To address this limitation, we propose an all-optical hybrid active-passive waveguide selective mode converter that integrates a passive waveguide architecture with an active photothermal polypyrrole (PPy) material for thermally regulated mode manipulation. In the passive state, TE\n                    <jats:sub>00<\/jats:sub>\n                    converts to TE\n                    <jats:sub>01<\/jats:sub>\n                    with TM\n                    <jats:sub>00<\/jats:sub>\n                    unchanged; in the active state, TM\n                    <jats:sub>00<\/jats:sub>\n                    converts to TM\n                    <jats:sub>01<\/jats:sub>\n                    with TE\n                    <jats:sub>00<\/jats:sub>\n                    preserved, demonstrating selective mode conversion capability for both TE and TM modes. The proposed device achieves insertion losses below 0.032\u2005dB and mode crosstalk under -21\u2005dB, with extinction ratios exceeding 23.6\u2005dB across all operating states at a switching power consumption of 4.79\u2005mW. This mode converter enhances both the performance and capacity of optical communication systems and enables polarization-selective multimode control in all-optical networks.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.604200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T18:00:16Z","timestamp":1783015216000},"page":"28365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["All-optical hybrid active-passive waveguide selective mode converter"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4716-8613","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yue","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"RuiZhan","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7285-9741","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Minzhe","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4111-8032","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aihui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangnan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0466-1274","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shouyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-024-01603-y","type":"journal-article","volume":"19","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9282","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2025.3595837","type":"journal-article","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10330","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-65293-y","type":"journal-article","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7860","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2024.3412391","type":"journal-article","volume":"42","author":"Mojaver","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7662","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35327-w","type":"journal-article","volume":"13","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2024.3428912","type":"journal-article","volume":"16","author":"Shuhrawardy","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400861","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202400861","type":"journal-article","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11627","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.421262","type":"journal-article","volume":"29","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7262","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.535031","type":"journal-article","volume":"63","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100529","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202100529","type":"journal-article","volume":"16","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08813","type":"journal-article","volume":"464","author":"Assefa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"086104","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4967205","type":"journal-article","volume":"1","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"APL Photonics"},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.200900033","type":"journal-article","volume":"4","author":"Roelkens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4578","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40341-7","type":"journal-article","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2018.2829143","type":"journal-article","volume":"36","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2023.3322638","type":"journal-article","volume":"42","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10744","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.484384","type":"journal-article","volume":"31","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28510","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.531031","type":"journal-article","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.8b00013","type":"journal-article","volume":"5","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13425","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.013425","type":"journal-article","volume":"20","author":"Dai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189191","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3516323","type":"journal-article","volume":"12","author":"Torregrosa-Penalva","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.567555","type":"journal-article","volume":"15","author":"Dalton","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400624","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202400624","type":"journal-article","volume":"19","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2019.2892752","type":"journal-article","volume":"37","author":"Takenaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.583825","type":"journal-article","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9359","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2025.3596002","type":"journal-article","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37550","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.568522","type":"journal-article","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8087","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.585151","type":"journal-article","volume":"34","author":"Kolosov","year":"2026","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.8b01628","type":"journal-article","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4869","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2022-0259","type":"journal-article","volume":"11","author":"Niu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7512","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.582461","type":"journal-article","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"056115","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0258299","type":"journal-article","volume":"10","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"APL Photonics"},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6125","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.537380","type":"journal-article","volume":"49","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9552","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.390164","type":"journal-article","volume":"28","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2026.3666247","type":"journal-article","volume":"38","author":"Memon","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4268","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.462912","type":"journal-article","volume":"12","author":"Ghosh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2012.05.025","type":"journal-article","volume":"162","author":"Ashery","year":"2012","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1109\/LED.2023.3268709","type":"journal-article","volume":"44","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Electron Device Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45957","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c11674","type":"journal-article","volume":"13","author":"Xiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23746","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.460966","type":"journal-article","volume":"30","author":"Lian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2017.2731046","type":"journal-article","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.458204","type":"journal-article","volume":"47","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2022.3214579","type":"journal-article","volume":"34","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12049","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.483578","type":"journal-article","volume":"31","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-15-28365-R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4606","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.44.004606","type":"journal-article","volume":"44","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."}],"container-title":["Optics Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=oe-34-15-28365&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T13:57:41Z","timestamp":1784728661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-34-15-28365"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/oe.604200","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-4087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-4087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OE.604200","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"30 April 2026","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2 July 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"22 July 2026","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}