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Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A fully transmissive ultra-wide-field non-mydriatic confocal fundus imaging system design is proposed for retinal imaging under pupil diameters smaller than 3\u2005mm. Real-ray tracing and conjugate relationship analyses are employed, providing a theoretical basis for the optical design and optimization of the system. Based on this analysis, a fully transmissive coaxial architecture integrating ultra-wide-field imaging and multispectral compatibility is designed. An internal focusing mechanism is further introduced to compensate for refractive errors through axial translation of a focusing lens without changing the overall system length. The proposed design achieves a simulated retinal field angle of 189.06\u00b0 with a working distance of 15\u2005mm and supports multispectral imaging at 488\u2005nm, 520\u2005nm, 635\u2005nm, and 785\u2005nm. Optical simulation results indicate near diffraction-limited imaging performance across the full field. The retinal resolution remains better than 15\u2005\u03bcm over a refractive compensation range from -15 D to +15 D. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed design achieves the largest single-frame field of view for transmissive confocal fundus imaging systems while maintaining non-mydriatic operation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.609350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T08:00:06Z","timestamp":1789459206000},"page":"37740","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optical design of a transmissive ultra-widefield non-mydriatic confocal fundus imaging system"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Xuan","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00p991c53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9292-0741","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hao","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00p991c53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guigang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngologic and Ophthalmic Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liwen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngologic and Ophthalmic Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngologic and Ophthalmic Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5129-7770","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Donglin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00p991c53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-34-20-37740-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.02.004","type":"journal-article","volume":"111","author":"Williams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"oe-34-20-37740-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2010.2084567","type":"journal-article","volume":"3","author":"Abr\u00e0moff","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Rev. 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