{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T19:54:19Z","timestamp":1790970859256,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62574137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62574137"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62304139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62304139"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62405203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62405203"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62025506"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62025506"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Top Talent of SZTU","award":["GDRC202419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GDRC202419"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Top Talent of SZTU","award":["GDRC202323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GDRC202323"]}]},{"name":"Key Colleges and Universities Project of Guangdong Province","award":["2023ZDZX1019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZDZX1019"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province, China","award":["20240201002GX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20240201002GX"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We demonstrate a high-performance 660-nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) employing a strain-compensated GaInP\/AlGaInP active region and an asymmetric AlGaAs distributed Bragg reflector (DBR). By engineering a \u221210 nm room-temperature spectral detuning (\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      \u03bb\n                      <jats:sub>gain<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2212 \u03bb\n                      <jats:sub>cavity<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ), we compensate for the differential thermal redshift between the gain peak (0.26 nm\/K) and the cavity mode (0.035 nm\/K). This spectral realignment mitigates the severe \u0393-to-X intervalley carrier leakage inherent to the AlGaInP system, sustaining high conversion efficiency at elevated temperatures. The fabricated device achieves a peak wall-plug efficiency (WPE) of 26.47% for 660-nm VCSELs and a continuous-wave output power of 19.11 mW at 300 K. The high efficiency is supported by reduced series resistance via graded DBR interfaces, which enhance thermionic-field emission and mitigate resistive heating. At 340 K, the VCSEL retains a WPE of 11.36% and maintains 40.87% of its room-temperature output power under 15 mA injection. These results demonstrate a robust design strategy for thermally stable red VCSELs in biophotonic and laser-display applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.611458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T19:04:29Z","timestamp":1790967869000},"page":"38655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High-efficiency 660-nm VCSEL exhibiting 26.47% peak wall-plug efficiency and improved high-temperature performance up to 65\u00b0C"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Jiehao","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qzpec27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qzpec27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenhuan","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qzpec27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinjia","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qzpec27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaochi","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qzpec27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinlong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qzpec27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2789-2323","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nannan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qzpec27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4641-6944","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shihao","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qzpec27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3586-7873","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chuyu","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qzpec27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junxiong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shen Zhen ZKOSEMI Semiconductor Technology Co., Ltd."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cunzhu","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"Jlight Semiconductor Technology Co., Ltd."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4583-8889","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cunzheng","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qzpec27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7774-4724","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jian","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qzpec27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shupeng","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qzpec27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5590-7019","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qzpec27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-34-20-38655-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19950814","type":"journal-article","volume":"31","author":"Choquette","year":"1995","journal-title":"Electron. 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