{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:04:33Z","timestamp":1790784273638,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science","award":["GP2026-0001-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GP2026-0001-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01az7b475","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We demonstrate a spatially resolved system-level calibration method for high-fidelity complex-amplitude modulation using sequential modulation on a phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM). The spatially varying intensity response of the first SLM region was measured and locally fitted to determine the gray-level pattern required to reproduce a target intensity. The phase distribution was also measured using off-axis interferometry and compensated by the second SLM region. The method therefore compensates for the nonuniform incident-beam profile, the spatially varying nonlinear SLM response, and optical-system alignment errors. Once calibrated, the system can reconstruct various target complex fields without additional calibration. Experimental reconstructions of a diverse range of patterns, including structured beam modes, consistently demonstrated high complex-field fidelity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.611631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T15:12:02Z","timestamp":1790781122000},"page":"38224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatially resolved system-level calibration for high-fidelity complex-amplitude modulation using a phase-only spatial light modulator"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8148-7786","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hwihyeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01az7b475","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5281-0038","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hee Kyung","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01az7b475","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-34-20-38224-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20577","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.020577","type":"journal-article","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-20-38224-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.001052","type":"journal-article","volume":"23","author":"Tao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-20-38224-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"031202","DOI":"10.3788\/COL202624.031202","type":"journal-article","volume":"24","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chin. Opt. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38224-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2020.106247","type":"journal-article","volume":"134","author":"Aguilar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38224-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41827","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.443258","type":"journal-article","volume":"29","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-20-38224-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1364\/ao.36.001730","type":"journal-article","volume":"36","author":"de la Tocnaye de Bougrenet","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38224-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8277","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12292-4","type":"journal-article","volume":"12","author":"Jang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38224-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3874","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.17.003874","type":"journal-article","volume":"17","author":"Hsueh","year":"1978","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38224-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5004","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.38.005004","type":"journal-article","volume":"38","author":"Davis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38224-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3500","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.24.003500","type":"journal-article","volume":"24","author":"Arriz\u00f3n","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"oe-34-20-38224-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3546","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.38.003546","type":"journal-article","volume":"38","author":"Bolduc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38224-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15426","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15426","type":"journal-article","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38224-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11692","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.011692","type":"journal-article","volume":"25","author":"Bowman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-20-38224-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6675","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.483686","type":"journal-article","volume":"31","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-20-38224-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.34.000161","type":"journal-article","volume":"34","author":"Macfaden","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"oe-34-20-38224-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.37.001955","type":"journal-article","volume":"37","author":"Reichelt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38224-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7441","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07441","type":"journal-article","volume":"4","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38224-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6400","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.43.006400","type":"journal-article","volume":"43","author":"Xun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38224-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2610","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.52.002610","type":"journal-article","volume":"52","author":"Reichelt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38224-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16086","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.016086","type":"journal-article","volume":"21","author":"Engstr\u00f6m","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-20-38224-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17912","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.017912","type":"journal-article","volume":"27","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-20-38224-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125202","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/aba56b","type":"journal-article","volume":"31","author":"Pushkina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38224-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.3390\/s21030967","type":"journal-article","volume":"21","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"oe-34-20-38224-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.473703","type":"journal-article","volume":"48","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38224-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25635","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.496392","type":"journal-article","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-20-38224-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2025.131581","type":"journal-article","volume":"579","author":"Ipus","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38224-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2019.04.010","type":"journal-article","volume":"121","author":"Mikhaylov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38224-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"094102","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.64.9.094102","type":"journal-article","volume":"64","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38224-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5501","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.49.005501","type":"journal-article","volume":"49","author":"Pan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."}],"container-title":["Optics Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=oe-34-20-38224&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T15:12:03Z","timestamp":1790781123000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-34-20-38224"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/oe.611631","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-4087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-4087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OE.611631","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"15 July 2026","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"19 September 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"30 September 2026","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}