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Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Relativistic attosecond electron bunches are pivotal for ultrafast science, enabling direct observation of atomic-scale dynamics, efficient generation of attosecond X\/gamma-ray pulses, and serving as advanced injectors for compact accelerators and free-electron lasers. However, existing methods face challenges in producing attosecond bunches that simultaneously achieve high energy, high density, and a quasi-monoenergetic spectrum. Here, we introduce what is believed to be a novel scheme for generating high-quality relativistic attosecond electron bunches based on a short-wavelength laser-driven transverse injection mechanism. In this approach, an intense short-wavelength laser detaches electrons from an off-axis nanoscale target, forming a dense electron layer. By optimizing transverse injection into the laser focus center, a spectral compression mechanism is triggered as electrons cross the laser axis, enabling efficient direct laser acceleration. The resulting electron bunch exhibits outstanding characteristics with a central energy of hundreds of MeV, a narrow energy spread less than 1\u2009\n                    <jats:roman>%<\/jats:roman>\n                    , an ultrashort duration of 1\u201310\u2005as, and an extremely high density of \u223c10\n                    <jats:sup>24<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2005cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Such high-quality relativistic attosecond electron sources hold significant potential for advancing ultrafast science.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.612056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:00:08Z","timestamp":1789534808000},"page":"37393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High-energy high-density attosecond electron bunch from short-wavelength laser\u2013nanofoil interaction"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qzpec27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taiwu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qzpec27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qzpec27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qzpec27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qzpec27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qzpec27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cangtao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qzpec27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-34-20-37393-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18409","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709019104","type":"journal-article","volume":"104","author":"Baum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. 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