{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T14:56:54Z","timestamp":1790866614814,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grants Council","award":["GRF 14206123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRF 14206123"]}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grants Council","award":["GRF 14201324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRF 14201324"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Passive optical networks (PONs) have matured into a dominant solution for high-speed optical access, leveraging their inherent point-to-multipoint architecture in multi-user scenarios. Recently, emerging applications such as Low-Altitude Economy (LAE) and undersea mining monitoring require technology that supports user mobility and high-speed data links. This paper investigates the feasibility of employing TDM-PON for the above applications. To realize movable Optical Network Units (ONUs), the key challenge is maintaining robust optical link alignment against beam offset induced by moving ONUs. To address this, we propose a Dual-stage Predictive Tracking Network (DPT-Net) that decomposes predictive beam tracking into two sub-neural networks, realizing real-time predictive control. By modifying commercially available 1-Gbit\/s Ethernet PON (EPON) transceivers, we experimentally demonstrate a wireless TDM-PON system that supports mobile ONUs for the first time. The neural network-based parallel prediction-and-steering pipeline reduces tracking latency by 38.5% compared to conventional proportional\u2013integral\u2013derivative (PID)-based sequential tracking under the same tracking hardware configuration. The standard deviation of the laser beam position is maintained below 1.64 mm during high-speed motion. Experimental results show that the system achieves average downlink and uplink throughputs of 805 Mbit\/s and 798 Mbit\/s, respectively, at an ONU velocity of 18 cm\/s. In a multi-user scenario, aggregate downlink and uplink rates reach 940 Mbit\/s and 868 Mbit\/s, respectively, demonstrating seamless integration of optical wireless links into existing PON infrastructures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.612737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T14:16:13Z","timestamp":1790864173000},"page":"38445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Realization of movable wireless TDM-PONs via low-latency dual-stage predictive beam tracking"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9598-4699","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anzi","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2308-5943","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yingjie","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0704-7007","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lian-Kuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"oe-34-20-38445-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.481699","type":"journal-article","volume":"15","author":"Wey","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Opt. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38445-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.008.2100641","type":"journal-article","volume":"36","author":"Chung","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Network"},{"key":"oe-34-20-38445-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2018.2881933","type":"journal-article","volume":"37","author":"Harstead","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38445-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2022.3215590","type":"journal-article","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38445-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2966855","type":"journal-article","volume":"22","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials"},{"key":"oe-34-20-38445-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2024.3482314","type":"journal-article","volume":"43","author":"Schrenk","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38445-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.7.000628","type":"journal-article","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Opt. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38445-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3972","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2024.3386630","type":"journal-article","volume":"42","author":"Chow","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38445-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7301407","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2026.3710229","type":"journal-article","volume":"18","author":"Chang","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38445-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2025.3648758","type":"journal-article","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38445-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2804323","type":"journal-article","volume":"20","author":"Kaymak","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials"},{"key":"oe-34-20-38445-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2021.3125140","type":"journal-article","volume":"40","author":"Lian-Kuan Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38445-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6671","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2024.3407140","type":"journal-article","volume":"42","author":"Di","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38445-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.574859","type":"journal-article","volume":"34","author":"Lin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-20-38445-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4933","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2023.3252166","type":"journal-article","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38445-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2024.3510452","type":"journal-article","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38445-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6409","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.514542","type":"journal-article","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-20-38445-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52286","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.581494","type":"journal-article","volume":"33","author":"Hao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"oe-34-20-38445-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.585530","type":"journal-article","volume":"51","author":"Zhu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38445-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.532796","type":"journal-article","volume":"17","author":"Suzuki","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Opt. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"oe-34-20-38445-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43795","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.575992","type":"journal-article","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Express"}],"container-title":["Optics Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=oe-34-20-38445&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T14:16:14Z","timestamp":1790864174000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-34-20-38445"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/oe.612737","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-4087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-4087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OE.612737","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"30 July 2026","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"21 September 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1 October 2026","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}