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Here, we provide an optical model with supporting <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic> data that show contrast is generated from spatial variations in the refractive index as it is in phase contrast microscopy. A prediction of this model is supported by experimental data that show contrast is optimized when the detector is placed conjugate with a deeper backscattering screen such as the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid, rather than with the layer being imaged as in conventional confocal imaging. This detection strategy provides a substantial improvement in the contrast these new methods can produce.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/ol.382589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]],"date-time":"2019-12-19T15:30:21Z","timestamp":1576769421000},"page":"840","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Origin of cell contrast in offset aperture adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2544-8795","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"A.","family":"Guevara-Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. R.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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