{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:18:31Z","timestamp":1792016311022,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714089600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":366,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#AM"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714089600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":366,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1745612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1745612"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019923","name":"DEVCOM Army Research\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLaboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911NF-22-2-0056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-22-2-0056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Photonic molecules can realize complex optical energy modes that\n\t\t\t\t\tsimulate states of matter and have application to quantum, linear, and\n\t\t\t\t\tnonlinear optical systems. To achieve their full potential, it is\n\t\t\t\t\tcritical to scale the photonic molecule energy state complexity and\n\t\t\t\t\tprovide flexible, controllable, stable, high-resolution energy state\n\t\t\t\t\tengineering with low power tuning mechanisms. In this work, we\n\t\t\t\t\tdemonstrate a controllable, silicon nitride integrated photonic\n\t\t\t\t\tmolecule, with three high-quality factor ring resonators strongly\n\t\t\t\t\tcoupled to each other and individually actuated using ultralow-power\n\t\t\t\t\tthin-film lead zirconate titanate (PZT) tuning. The resulting six\n\t\t\t\t\ttunable supermodes can be fully controlled, including their\n\t\t\t\t\tdegeneracy, location, and degree of splitting, and the PZT actuator\n\t\t\t\t\tdesign yields narrow PM energy state linewidths below 58\u2005MHz\n\t\t\t\t\twithout degradation as the resonance shifts, with over an order of\n\t\t\t\t\tmagnitude improvement in resonance splitting-to-width ratio of 58, and\n\t\t\t\t\tpower consumption of 90 nW per actuator, with a 1-dB photonic molecule\n\t\t\t\t\tloss. The strongly coupled PZT-controlled resonator design provides a\n\t\t\t\t\thigh-degree of resolution and controllability in accessing the\n\t\t\t\t\tsupermodes. Given the low loss of the silicon nitride platform from\n\t\t\t\t\tthe visible to infrared and the three individual bus, six-port design,\n\t\t\t\t\tthese results open the door to novel device designs and a wide range\n\t\t\t\t\tof applications including tunable lasers, high-order suppression\n\t\t\t\t\tultranarrow-linewidth lasers, dispersion engineering, optical\n\t\t\t\t\tparametric oscillators, physics simulations, and atomic and quantum\n\t\t\t\t\tphotonics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/ol.482567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T16:00:27Z","timestamp":1680278427000},"page":"2373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Integrated programmable strongly coupled three-ring resonator photonic molecule with ultralow-power piezoelectric control"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5796-5220","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiawei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02t274463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1360-9646","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kaikai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02t274463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Isichenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02t274463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan Q.","family":"Rudy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1735-7220","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Blumenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02t274463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ol-48-9-2373-R1","first-page":"393","author":"BoriskinaChremmos","year":"2010"},{"key":"ol-48-9-2373-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2014.248","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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