{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:28:31Z","timestamp":1785421711066,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738800000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We report, for the first time to our knowledge, a 2.3-\u00b5m continuous-wave (CW) laser operation of trivalent thulium ion (Tm\n                    <jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>\n                    )-doped Lu\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ceramic. In the free-running laser operation, co-lasing could be observed at the wavelengths of 2096\u2005nm and 2325\u2005nm. The laser operation and power performance of the\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    F\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2192\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                    and\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2192\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>\n                    transitions were investigated separately with a birefringent tuning plate. By using a double-end-pumped x-cavity, 134\u2005mW of CW output power was obtained at the wavelength of 2309\u2005nm with 4\u2005W of pump power and with 7% slope efficiency. By using two sets of cavity optics, we further achieved the broadest, continuous tuning range, obtained to date for a Tm\n                    <jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>\n                    laser, extending from 1845\u2005nm to 2328\u2005nm. We also investigated a 2-\u00b5m laser operation, where with a 1.3% output coupler, a maximum CW output power of 917\u2005mW was obtained at 2094\u2005nm with 3.93\u2005W of pump power. By using the laser threshold and power efficiency data measured during the 2.3-\u03bcm operation, the emission cross section of the Tm\n                    <jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>\n                    :Lu\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ceramic gain medium was determined to be 3.24\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u221221<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2005cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    at the wavelength of 2309\u2005nm.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/ol.549238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T10:00:23Z","timestamp":1736935223000},"page":"1220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Continuous-wave 2.3-\u00b5m Tm\n                    <sup>3+<\/sup>\n                    :Lu\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    O\n                    <sub>3<\/sub>\n                    ceramic  laser with ultrabroad tunability between 1845\u2005nm and 2328\u2005nm"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3446-2062","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yag\u0131z","family":"Morova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jzwgz36","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ko\u00e7 University Surface Science and Technology Center (KUYTAM)"},{"name":"Istanbul Technical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Id\u0131l","family":"S\u0131msek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jzwgz36","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4391-0189","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alphan","family":"Sennaroglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jzwgz36","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ko\u00e7 University Surface Science and Technology Center (KUYTAM)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ol-50-4-1220-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15062084","volume":"15","author":"Pirri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ol-50-4-1220-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-011-0915-0","volume":"26","author":"Bilici","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lasers Med. 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All rights, including for text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}