{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T15:14:22Z","timestamp":1778685262012,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2022MA045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2022MA045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2022QF052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2022QF052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2023ZD01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2023ZD01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2024MF058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2024MF058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12274189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12274189"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Young Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province of China","award":["tsqn202306239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["tsqn202306239"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    An n-type Al\n                    <jats:sub>0.15<\/jats:sub>\n                    Ga\n                    <jats:sub>0.85<\/jats:sub>\n                    N hole current confinement layer (HCCL) was designed and incorporated in GaN-based vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) to alleviate the insufficient carrier confinement-induced hole leakage outside the aperture region. The simulation results show that the hetero-structure formed by p-GaN and n-Al\n                    <jats:sub>0.15<\/jats:sub>\n                    Ga\n                    <jats:sub>0.85<\/jats:sub>\n                    N builds the highest energy barrier for holes both in the lateral and vertical directions and has the smallest valence band bending. The higher barrier potential and smoother valence band in the p-type region favors hole confinement, thus improving the carrier injection and recombination in the active region. Under a 10\u2009mA injection current, the proposed structure shows an increase of 37.8% in optical output power, a reduction of 0.6\u2009mA in threshold current, and an enhancement of 32% wall-plug efficiency. The results demonstrate that the n-AlGaN HCCL can effectively regulate the band structure and improve carrier confinement capabilities in the p-type region, thus providing an effective pathway for enhancing the performance of GaN-based VCSELs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/ol.581815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T17:00:08Z","timestamp":1765990808000},"page":"309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Performance enhancement of GaN-based VCSELs with an n-AlGaN hole current confinement layer"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Xiantian","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludong University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2209-3012","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Taiping","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludong University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenxiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludong University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanchao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludong University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0048-2241","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludong University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhigang","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taiyuan University of Technology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7077-0006","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiansheng","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doudou","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludong University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludong University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fengzhou","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludong University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yadan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludong University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lichun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludong University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"08P","DOI":"10.7567\/JJAP.57.08PA01","type":"journal-article","volume":"57","author":"Iga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pquantelec.2018.02.001","type":"journal-article","volume":"57","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.3390\/app9081593","type":"journal-article","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012502","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6633\/aad3e9","type":"journal-article","volume":"82","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Phys."},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"SGGE08","DOI":"10.35848\/1347-4065\/ab6e05","type":"journal-article","volume":"59","author":"Iida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131107","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0200294","type":"journal-article","volume":"124","author":"Watanabe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst9040187","type":"journal-article","volume":"9","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crystals"},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111003","DOI":"10.35848\/1882-0786\/abbe80","type":"journal-article","volume":"13","author":"Kiyohara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Express"},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11102","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4926365","type":"journal-article","volume":"107","author":"Leonard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122101","DOI":"10.7567\/JJAP.55.122101","type":"journal-article","volume":"55","author":"Hamaguchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaom.3c00152","type":"journal-article","volume":"1","author":"Ke","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192104","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0232083","type":"journal-article","volume":"125","author":"Kataoka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6131","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06131","type":"journal-article","volume":"4","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"05F","DOI":"10.7567\/JJAP.55.05FJ11","type":"journal-article","volume":"55","author":"Furuta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111104","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5020229","type":"journal-article","volume":"112","author":"Kuramoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5701","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2023.3309617","type":"journal-article","volume":"70","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electron Devices"},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2024.3522498","type":"journal-article","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. J."},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8668","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.385787","type":"journal-article","volume":"28","author":"Hang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JQE.2020.3000782","type":"journal-article","volume":"56","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spmi.2020.106654","type":"journal-article","volume":"146","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Superlattices Microstruct."},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115537","DOI":"10.1088\/1402-4896\/ad8524","type":"journal-article","volume":"99","author":"Haider","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222106","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0004321","type":"journal-article","volume":"116","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2005.860045","type":"journal-article","volume":"18","author":"Piprek","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400926","DOI":"10.1002\/pssa.202400926","type":"journal-article","volume":"222","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi (a)"},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18035","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.396482","type":"journal-article","volume":"28","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18319","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.018319","type":"journal-article","volume":"19","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141106","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3700722","type":"journal-article","volume":"100","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153503","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4898588","type":"journal-article","volume":"105","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.494404","type":"journal-article","volume":"13","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42929","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.541259","type":"journal-article","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"031402","DOI":"10.3788\/COL202220.031402","type":"journal-article","volume":"20","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5141","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.499036","type":"journal-article","volume":"48","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ol-51-2-309-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.37188\/CO.EN-2024-0027","type":"journal-article","volume":"18","author":"Wen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Opt."}],"container-title":["Optics Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=ol-51-2-309&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T14:35:14Z","timestamp":1778682914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-51-2-309"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/ol.581815","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-9592","1539-4794"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-9592","type":"print"},{"value":"1539-4794","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OL.581815","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"letter","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"14 October 2025","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"16 December 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"6 January 2026","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Optica Publishing Group. All rights, including for text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}