{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:26:55Z","timestamp":1785403615187,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N_CUHK423\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N_CUHK423\/21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Thin-film lithium niobate-on-insulator (LNOI) is a promising platform for integrated photonics, offering a large second-order nonlinearity for electro-optic modulation and nonlinear applications. In this work, we develop a plasmonic waveguide on the thin-film LN which can maintain high optical confinement. By careful design, the propagation losses can be reduced to 109\u2009dB\/cm and 462\u2009dB\/cm at 1550\u2009nm in simulation and experiment, respectively. The plasmonic waveguide has an effective mode area of only 0.064\u2009\u03bcm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    , which is one order of magnitude smaller than typical thin-film LNOI waveguides. These results represent, to our knowledge, the lowest optical losses reported to date for plasmonic waveguides fabricated on thin-film LNOI. The high optical confinement enables efficient light\u2013matter interactions and can improve the modulation efficiency of electro-optic modulators in ultra-compact devices implemented on the thin-film LNOI platform.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/ol.586063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T15:00:12Z","timestamp":1769094012000},"page":"889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Low-loss plasmonic waveguide with high optical confinement on the thin-film lithium niobate-on-insulator (LNOI) platform"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8574-7175","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shuqi","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5478-9121","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gaolei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8785-016X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiapeng","family":"Luan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6480-8311","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yue","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4842-9458","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhenzhou","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Technology, Ministry of Education"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1674-3680","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zunyue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Technology, Ministry of Education"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2777-1537","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hon Ki","family":"Tsang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ol-51-4-889-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.415762","type":"journal-article","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ol-51-4-889-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4532","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31134-5","type":"journal-article","volume":"13","author":"McKenna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"ol-51-4-889-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.5.001006","type":"journal-article","volume":"5","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ol-51-4-889-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0551-y","type":"journal-article","volume":"562","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ol-51-4-889-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e294","DOI":"10.1038\/lsa.2015.67","type":"journal-article","volume":"4","author":"Fang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Light-Sci. 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All rights, including for text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}