{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:57:45Z","timestamp":1785427065423,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"Scientific and Technological Research\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCouncil of Turkey","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["122C150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122C150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04w9kkr77","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigate the nonlinear propagation of light in graded-index\n\t\t\t\t\tmultimode fiber, utilizing it as an optical computing unit, and\n\t\t\t\t\tquantify how it employs waveguide modes to process information. Using\n\t\t\t\t\ta time-dependent spatiotemporal propagation model with modal\n\t\t\t\t\tdecomposition, we evaluate several benchmark regression and\n\t\t\t\t\tclassification tasks and study the modal content of the generated\n\t\t\t\t\tspeckles, which couples with a simple digital layer to perform optical\n\t\t\t\t\tcomputing. Analysis of modal entropy and energy-based mode counts\n\t\t\t\t\treveals that effective computation is confined to a low-dimensional\n\t\t\t\t\tmodal subspace, whose identity depends on the task and propagation\n\t\t\t\t\tregime. This also sets a trade-off between modal richness and\n\t\t\t\t\tnonlinear beam self-cleaning. 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All rights,\n\t\t\t\t\tincluding for text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI)\n\t\t\t\t\ttraining, and similar technologies, are\n\t\t\t\t\treserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}