{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T19:06:16Z","timestamp":1787511976624,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche\n\t\t\t\t\t\tForschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["390833453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["390833453"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/018mejw64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche\n\t\t\t\t\t\tForschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EXC 2122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC 2122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/018mejw64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Research Council","award":["947603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["947603"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0472cxd90","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Research Council","award":["QFreC project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QFreC project"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0472cxd90","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001663","name":"Volkswagen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["zukunft.niedersachsen"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["zukunft.niedersachsen"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03bsmfz84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Integrated optics is primarily based on planar designs due to the\n\t\t\t\t\tavailability of mature lithographic manufacturing and optical\n\t\t\t\t\tconfinement constraints. These 2D designs with finite thickness in the\n\t\t\t\t\tthird dimension are often referred to as 2.5D. Full 3D photonic\n\t\t\t\t\tarchitectures, with refractive-index variations along the three\n\t\t\t\t\tdimensions, hold the promise of higher integration density and novel,\n\t\t\t\t\tto the best of our knowledge, light control capabilities, but require\n\t\t\t\t\tadvanced multi-layer stacking techniques with precise alignment and\n\t\t\t\t\tplanarization. Nanoscale 3D printing techniques, such as multi-photon\n\t\t\t\t\tlithography, can address these challenges, and are gaining momentum\n\t\t\t\t\tthanks to their cost-effectiveness and rapid prototyping capabilities\n\t\t\t\t\tcompared to silicon foundries. Despite this potential, the exploration\n\t\t\t\t\tof freeform polymer optics at the nanoscale remains limited due to\n\t\t\t\t\tchallenges associated with low-index materials and a lack of design\n\t\t\t\t\ttools. Here, we address these limitations by applying a multi-layered\n\t\t\t\t\tinverse design approach for polymer-based integrated optics. We\n\t\t\t\t\tsystematically compare 3D with 2.5D designs (all simulations are\n\t\t\t\t\tconducted in 3D), for the task of demultiplexing two wavelengths with\n\t\t\t\t\tspectral spacing from 100\u2009nm to 20\u2009nm. Our numerical results show that\n\t\t\t\t\tfully 3D polymer designs consistently outperform their 2.5D\n\t\t\t\t\tcounterparts, achieving higher efficiencies at equal footprint. These\n\t\t\t\t\tfindings propel the advancement of a next generation of miniaturized\n\t\t\t\t\t3D devices for polymer-based integrated optics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/ol.590077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T19:00:10Z","timestamp":1772046010000},"page":"2516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Inverse design of 3D polymer integrated optics compatible with multi-photon lithography"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0200-8578","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abhishek","family":"Nanda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0304hq317","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Leibniz University Hannover"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1176-647X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Rittmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0304hq317","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1215-283X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna Karoline","family":"R\u00fcsseler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0304hq317","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3218-8186","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Moritz","family":"Hinkelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0304hq317","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5323-3850","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"Kues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0304hq317","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Leibniz University Hannover"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9384-6245","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Antonio Cal\u00e0","family":"Lesina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0304hq317","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Leibniz University Hannover"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ol-51-9-2516-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2010.179","type":"journal-article","volume":"4","author":"Reed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhotonics"},{"key":"ol-51-9-2516-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-020-0609-x","type":"journal-article","volume":"14","author":"Elshaari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhotonics"},{"key":"ol-51-9-2516-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31448","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.527442","type":"journal-article","volume":"32","author":"Probst","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt.\n\t\t\t\t\tExpress"},{"key":"ol-51-9-2516-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-025-00386-y","type":"journal-article","volume":"5","author":"Skliutas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods\n\t\t\t\t\tPrimers"},{"key":"ol-51-9-2516-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106374","type":"journal-article","volume":"26","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ol-51-9-2516-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2770","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.558798","type":"journal-article","volume":"15","author":"Farsari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"ol-51-9-2516-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.201000014","type":"journal-article","volume":"5","author":"Jensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"ol-51-9-2516-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.406048","type":"journal-article","volume":"38","author":"Christiansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. 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Mech."},{"key":"ol-51-9-2516-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpc.2009.11.008","type":"journal-article","volume":"181","author":"Oskooi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Phys.\n\t\t\t\t\tCommun."},{"key":"ol-51-9-2516-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.512100","type":"journal-article","volume":"49","author":"Nanda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ol-51-9-2516-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Nanda","year":"2026","DOI":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.31049620","type":"dataset"}],"container-title":["Optics Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=ol-51-9-2516&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T14:45:18Z","timestamp":1778683518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-51-9-2516"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/ol.590077","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-9592","1539-4794"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-9592","type":"print"},{"value":"1539-4794","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OL.590077","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"letter","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"13 January 2026","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"24 February 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"21 April 2026","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"Published by Optica Publishing Group under the terms\n\t\t\t\t\tof the Creative\n\t\t\t\t\tCommons Attribution 4.0 License. Further distribution of\n\t\t\t\t\tthis work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published\n\t\t\t\t\tarticle\u2019s title, journal citation, and DOI.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}