{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T13:43:55Z","timestamp":1785937435832,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EC-GA-863203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EC-GA-863203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00k4n6c32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Greek National Framework","award":["MIS 5002755"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIS 5002755"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03s262162","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018703","name":"European Innovation Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["101046667"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101046667"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018703","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05cx8cy07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy has experienced a research\n\t\t\t\t\texpansion from fundamental collagen studies in tendon and skin to a\n\t\t\t\t\tgrowing body of work on ocular tissues, where the label-free and\n\t\t\t\t\thigh-resolution aspects have offered unique possibilities.\n\t\t\t\t\tNevertheless, polarization states and excitation wavelength have not\n\t\t\t\t\tbeen investigated for corneal samples. Here, we present a\n\t\t\t\t\tcomprehensive investigation of SHG microscopy applied to fibrillar\n\t\t\t\t\tcollagen from murine corneal tissue. Emphasis is given to polarization\n\t\t\t\t\tcontrol, cross-polarization effects, and excitation wavelength\n\t\t\t\t\toptimization. Precise characterization of the polarization state at\n\t\t\t\t\tmultiple locations along the optical path via Stokes parameter\n\t\t\t\t\tmeasurements revealed significant polarization degradation introduced\n\t\t\t\t\tby optical components not typically considered as polarizing.\n\t\t\t\t\tPolarization degeneration was compensated by rotating the polarization\n\t\t\t\t\taxis to a microscope-specific angle, restoring a near-ideal linear\n\t\t\t\t\tpolarization state at the sample plane. Numerical simulations using\n\t\t\t\t\tWavesim software demonstrate that cross-polarized field components\n\t\t\t\t\tscale as \u223c\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    , highlighting their non-negligible\n\t\t\t\t\tcontribution to SHG signals acquired at high numerical apertures.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpectroscopic SHG measurements of murine corneal tissue confirm that\n\t\t\t\t\tSHG is the dominant nonlinear signal source within the investigated\n\t\t\t\t\texcitation range, with the signal-to-noise ratio following a cubic\n\t\t\t\t\tdependence on excitation wavelength. Accounting for detector\n\t\t\t\t\tsensitivity, optical component transmission, and the intrinsic UV\n\t\t\t\t\tabsorption of ocular tissue, 800\u2009nm emerges as the most practical\n\t\t\t\t\texcitation wavelength for SHG imaging of the cornea. Our findings\n\t\t\t\t\testablish practical guidelines for optimizing excitation conditions\n\t\t\t\t\tand polarization management in SHG microscopy, advancing quantitative\n\t\t\t\t\tstructural imaging of collagenous biological tissues.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/ol.604550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T12:00:16Z","timestamp":1782734416000},"page":"4064","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Wavelength and polarization optimization through Stokes parameters for second harmonic generation microscopy in corneal tissue"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0648-4811","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kostas G.","family":"Mavrakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelos","family":"Marakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgos","family":"Stavrakakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas"},{"name":"University of Crete"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Tampakaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas"},{"name":"University of Crete"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giannis","family":"Zacharakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ol-51-14-4064-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5622","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17129","type":"journal-article","volume":"56","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ol-51-14-4064-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4490","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-31566-z","type":"journal-article","volume":"13","author":"Tarnutzer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ol-51-14-4064-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4665","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.106.093740","type":"journal-article","volume":"91","author":"Theodossiou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biophys.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ."},{"key":"ol-51-14-4064-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00406977","type":"journal-article","volume":"208","author":"Harnisch","year":"1978","journal-title":"Albrecht von\n\t\t\t\t\tGraefes Arch. Klin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ol-51-14-4064-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.39.001897","type":"journal-article","volume":"39","author":"Hall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ol-51-14-4064-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159901","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.92.159901","type":"journal-article","volume":"92","author":"Clark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev.\n\t\t\t\t\tB"},{"key":"ol-51-14-4064-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.25.000175","type":"journal-article","volume":"25","author":"Kozawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. B"},{"key":"ol-51-14-4064-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.29.000579","type":"journal-article","volume":"29","author":"Conry","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"ol-51-14-4064-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3200","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.16.003200","type":"journal-article","volume":"16","author":"Berry","year":"1977","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ol-51-14-4064-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15481","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.015481","type":"journal-article","volume":"20","author":"Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt.\n\t\t\t\t\tExpress"},{"key":"ol-51-14-4064-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2016.06.034","type":"journal-article","volume":"322","author":"Osnabrugge","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Comp. Phys."},{"key":"ol-51-14-4064-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3330","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(02)75673-7","type":"journal-article","volume":"82","author":"Stoller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biophys.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ."},{"key":"ol-51-14-4064-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt894","type":"journal-article","volume":"21","author":"Campagnola","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ol-51-14-4064-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(68)91780-7","type":"journal-article","volume":"66","author":"Geeraets","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ol-51-14-4064-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5065","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.005065","type":"journal-article","volume":"8","author":"Bueno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ol-51-14-4064-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2006.08.027","type":"journal-article","volume":"32","author":"Morishige","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cataract.\n\t\t\t\t\tRefract. Surg."}],"container-title":["Optics Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=ol-51-14-4064&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T12:48:43Z","timestamp":1785934123000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-51-14-4064"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/ol.604550","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-9592","1539-4794"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-9592","type":"print"},{"value":"1539-4794","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OL.604550","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"letter","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"4 May 2026","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"23 June 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"15 July 2026","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9\n\t\t\t\t\t\t2026 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPublishing Agreement","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}