{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:53:05Z","timestamp":1787755985546,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62475091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62475091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    High-performance multimode optical devices are critical for photonic integrated circuits (PICs) and mode-division multiplexing (MDM), but conventional fiber-based multimode circulators (MMC) lack compactness and most on-chip circulators only support single-mode operation, limiting on-chip multimode transmission. To address this, we propose and demonstrate a simplified,\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    -mode-scalable on-chip MMC. Incorporating two symmetric\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    -junctions and \u230a\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/2\u230b tapered \u03c0-phase shifters, it supports off-chip multi-port and on-chip multi-mode circulation. The fabricated silicon waveguide 3-mode prototype with chip size ~4.5 \u00d7 223.5 \u03bcm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    shows insertion loss &lt;1.9\u2009dB at wavelength 1550\u2009nm (&lt;3.8\u2009dB over 1500\u20131620\u2009nm), and crosstalk &lt;\u221212.1\u2009dB. It provides a novel solution for on-chip MDM directional transmission and isolation, promoting the advancement of multi-mode PICs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/ol.607582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T18:00:09Z","timestamp":1786644009000},"page":"4920","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Scalable compact on-chip multimode circulator with low loss and broad bandwidth"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Manzhuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songyue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2018-0161","type":"journal-article","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5185","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2019.2929829","type":"journal-article","volume":"37","author":"Gatto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"091301","DOI":"10.3788\/COL202119.091301","type":"journal-article","volume":"19","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.5.000417","type":"journal-article","volume":"5","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photon. Res."},{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2018-0075","type":"journal-article","volume":"7","author":"Son","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2018.2818793","type":"journal-article","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.449493","type":"journal-article","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700240","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.201700240","type":"journal-article","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Laser Photon. Rev."},{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.5.001549","type":"journal-article","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3897","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.476262","type":"journal-article","volume":"31","author":"Regelskis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"054008","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.22.054008","type":"journal-article","volume":"22","author":"Blaha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Appl."},{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics12070714","type":"journal-article","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Photonics"},{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44958","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.537607","type":"journal-article","volume":"32","author":"Formozov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2025.3554000","type":"journal-article","volume":"37","author":"Syriopoulos","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1700000","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1700007","type":"journal-article","volume":"3","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e203","DOI":"10.1038\/lsa.2014.84","type":"journal-article","volume":"3","author":"Calafiore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2018.2875995","type":"journal-article","volume":"37","author":"Alexoudi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JQE.2023.3238739","type":"journal-article","volume":"59","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.39.001425","type":"journal-article","volume":"39","author":"Jalas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10190","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10190","type":"journal-article","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physleta.2011.11.032","type":"journal-article","volume":"376","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. A"},{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.35.000568","type":"journal-article","volume":"35","author":"\u015amigaj","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics10111278","type":"journal-article","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photonics"},{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.5.000180","type":"journal-article","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2013.6588648","type":"journal-article","volume":"51","author":"Kachris","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2022.3178977","type":"journal-article","volume":"110","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-023-00645-5","type":"journal-article","volume":"5","author":"McMahon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Phys."},{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23772","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.597439","type":"journal-article","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2014.2378281","type":"journal-article","volume":"33","author":"Hanzawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ol-51-17-4920-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chip.2023.100061","type":"journal-article","volume":"2","author":"Ling","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chip"}],"container-title":["Optics Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=ol-51-17-4920&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:17:18Z","timestamp":1787753838000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-51-17-4920"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/ol.607582","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-9592","1539-4794"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-9592","type":"print"},{"value":"1539-4794","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OL.607582","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"letter","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"9 June 2026","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"11 August 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"26 August 2026","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Optica Publishing Group. All rights, including for text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}