{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:45:40Z","timestamp":1786650340079,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxygen tension is a critical physiological parameter in deep tissues; however, high-resolution and non-invasive measurement of oxygenation remains challenging. In this study, we developed a prototype for a lifetime measurement system based on a pulsed carbon nanotube X-ray source to evaluate X-ray-excited luminescence oxygen sensing. The X-ray irradiated a PDMS fiber containing the rapidly responding X-ray scintillator cerium-doped lutetium orthosilicate (LSO) and an oxygen sensing dye, (Pt(II) meso-Tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphine (PtTFPP)), that is excited by the LSO X-ray luminescence and emits red fluorescence quenched by oxygen. At 0\u2009kPa oxygen tension, the sensor showed a lifetime of approximately 62 \u03bcs, while at 21\u2009kPa oxygen, the emission was strongly quenched with an estimated lifetime less than 1.33 \u03bcs. Covering the oxygen-sensing fiber with chicken breast tissue slices from 1.4 to 8.3\u2009mm thick had minimal effect on measured luminescence lifetime in deoxygenated conditions (lifetime of 62.0 \u00b1 6.1 \u03bcs). Control measurements using gadolinium oxysulfide doped with europium (GOS:Eu) powder also confirmed thickness-independent lifetime behavior. These results demonstrate that X-ray-excited lifetime measurement depends primarily on oxygen concentration and is independent of tissue thickness, supporting the feasibility of deep-tissue oxygen sensing and future time-domain X-ray luminescence computed tomography (XLCT) imaging for three-dimensional oxygenation mapping.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/ol.608396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T17:00:09Z","timestamp":1785344409000},"page":"4689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oxygen sensing using time-domain X-ray luminescence"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Changqing","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00d9ah105","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vigjna","family":"Abbaraju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clemson University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Inscoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanming","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otto Z.","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey N.","family":"Anker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clemson University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ol-51-16-4689-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13034","type":"journal-article","volume":"508","author":"Spencer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ol-51-16-4689-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2011.050815","type":"journal-article","volume":"97","author":"Jing","year":"2012","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ol-51-16-4689-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5431","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0701152104","type":"journal-article","volume":"104","author":"Parmar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. 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All rights, including for text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}