{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:49:09Z","timestamp":1786978149821,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Air-based\n\t\t\t\t\t\tInformation Perception and Fusions and the Aeronautical Science\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFund","award":["202503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202503"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChina","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["12574332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12574332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Science and Technology\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDepartment","award":["2025ZC-KJXX-120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZC-KJXX-120"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01c2sx728","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Image-free classification enables direct target recognition from\n\t\t\t\t\tsingle-pixel measurements without image reconstruction during\n\t\t\t\t\tinference, offering high sensing efficiency and low computational\n\t\t\t\t\tcost. However, existing approaches mainly rely on single-view\n\t\t\t\t\tobservations and therefore cannot fully exploit the intrinsic\n\t\t\t\t\tthree-dimensional (3D) structural information of real-world objects.\n\t\t\t\t\tHere, we propose a multi-view single-pixel detection framework for\n\t\t\t\t\timage-free inference of 3D object classes. By leveraging optical\n\t\t\t\t\treciprocity, synchronized detectors acquire complementary\n\t\t\t\t\tview-dependent responses under identical spatial modulation patterns,\n\t\t\t\t\tenabling efficient extraction and fusion of stereoscopic features. A\n\t\t\t\t\thybrid optical-neural architecture is developed, in which convolution\n\t\t\t\t\tkernels learned offline are converted into binary modulation patterns.\n\t\t\t\t\tA multi-view aircraft dataset containing five categories of 3D targets\n\t\t\t\t\twas established using a synchronized three-detector single-pixel\n\t\t\t\t\timaging system. Experiments on the dataset demonstrate that multi-view\n\t\t\t\t\tfusion consistently outperforms single-view baselines. Statistical\n\t\t\t\t\tevaluation over 25 independent training runs shows that the proposed\n\t\t\t\t\tframework achieves 99.97% \u00b1 0.06% with seven\n\t\t\t\t\tpatterns. This work provides an effective route toward high-speed\n\t\t\t\t\timage-free 3D object perception in resource-constrained sensing\n\t\t\t\t\tapplications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/ol.608794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T10:00:08Z","timestamp":1786096808000},"page":"4769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Image-free inference for 3D object classification via multi-view single-pixel detection"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4734-4586","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Siyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0444j5556","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Air-Based Information Perception and Fusion"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Air-Based Information Perception and Fusion"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinghao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0444j5556","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0444j5556","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiqin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0444j5556","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinzhou","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0444j5556","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7710-3815","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"An","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0444j5556","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ol-51-17-4769-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"054002","DOI":"10.1117\/1.AP.7.5.054002","type":"journal-article","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Photonics"},{"key":"ol-51-17-4769-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2401397","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202401397","type":"journal-article","volume":"19","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Laser Photonics\n\t\t\t\t\tRev."},{"key":"ol-51-17-4769-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan0096","type":"journal-article","volume":"360","author":"Ota","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ol-51-17-4769-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.451777","type":"journal-article","volume":"47","author":"Bian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ol-51-17-4769-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43800","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-27721-3","type":"journal-article","volume":"15","author":"Ling","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. 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All rights,\n\t\t\t\t\tincluding for text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI)\n\t\t\t\t\ttraining, and similar technologies, are\n\t\t\t\t\treserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}