{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T13:56:27Z","timestamp":1790690187215,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&D Program of\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChina","award":["2022YFB2903102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB2903102"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChina","award":["12574462"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12574462"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChina","award":["12204141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12204141"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChina","award":["12304476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12304476"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChina","award":["62435018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62435018"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Science & Technology Project\n\t\t\t\t\t\tof Anhui Province","award":["202523anull050004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202523anull050004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Opt. Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Rotated-vector-sum (RVS) is widely used in multi-frequency distributed\n\t\t\t\t\tacoustic sensing (DAS), but its synthesis gain collapses in long-haul\n\t\t\t\t\tsensing or with large frequency intervals. To fundamentally elucidate\n\t\t\t\t\tthis effect, we develop a theoretical model that separates the\n\t\t\t\t\tcoherent and random contributions of the Rayleigh-scattering signal\n\t\t\t\t\twithin the RVS framework. Our model reveals that long distances and\n\t\t\t\t\tlarge frequency intervals raise the amplitude threshold required for\n\t\t\t\t\tthe coherent component to provide positive gain, while improper\n\t\t\t\t\tsynthesis weights amplify random phase errors. To address these\n\t\t\t\t\tissues, we propose a weight-reconstructed conjugate difference\n\t\t\t\t\taggregation (WR-CDA) method. This approach minimizes and decouples the\n\t\t\t\t\tthreshold from the sensing conditions to guarantee a consistently\n\t\t\t\t\tpositive synthesis gain. The reconstructed weights are tied to the\n\t\t\t\t\tphase-error variance, effectively suppressing the influence of the\n\t\t\t\t\trandom phase error. Experimental results demonstrate that WR\u2011CDA\n\t\t\t\t\treduces the root\u2011mean\u2011square noise floor by more than a factor of four\n\t\t\t\t\tand suppresses the spectral noise by an average of 14.8\u202fdB and\n\t\t\t\t\tup to 30.0\u202fdB, relative to conventional RVS. These results\n\t\t\t\t\tdemonstrate its potential for weak\u2011vibration and long\u2011haul\n\t\t\t\t\tsensing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/ol.614146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T14:00:09Z","timestamp":1789048809000},"page":"5558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Highly robust vector-synthesis method for multi-frequency distributed acoustic sensing"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Ziqi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7402-2024","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8685-520X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wentan","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2599-2013","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"XiaoLin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9407-7169","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Song","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7424-9349","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6181-5965","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Weiqing","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ol-51-19-5558-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9001308","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2023.3246483","type":"journal-article","volume":"72","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans.\n\t\t\t\t\tInstrum. Meas."},{"key":"ol-51-19-5558-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2023.110441","type":"journal-article","volume":"171","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Laser\n\t\t\t\t\tTechnol."},{"key":"ol-51-19-5558-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8315","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.008315","type":"journal-article","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ol-51-19-5558-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5017","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2024.3383413","type":"journal-article","volume":"42","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Lightwave\n\t\t\t\t\tTechnol."},{"key":"ol-51-19-5558-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2026.115606","type":"journal-article","volume":"203","author":"Jia","year":"2026","journal-title":"Opt. 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All rights,\n\t\t\t\t\tincluding for text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI)\n\t\t\t\t\ttraining, and similar technologies, are\n\t\t\t\t\treserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}