{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:49:26Z","timestamp":1791244166036,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v1#VOR-OA"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620259200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010446","name":"Institute for Basic Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IBS-R012-D1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IBS-R012-D1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010446","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ultrashort Quantum Beam Facility (UQBF) operation program","award":["140011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["140011"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002582","name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002582","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Optica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"abstract":"\n High-intensity lasers are critical for the exploration of strong field quantum electrodynamics. We report here a demonstration of laser intensity exceeding\n \n \n \n \n 1<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \n \n \n 0<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 23<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \n \n W<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \/<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \n \n c<\/mml:mi>\n m<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n with the CoReLS petawatt (PW) laser. After wavefront correction and tight focusing with a two-stage adaptive optical system and an f\/1.1 (\n \n \n f<\/mml:mi>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n \n \n 300<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \n \n m<\/mml:mi>\n m<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n ) off-axis parabolic mirror, we obtained near diffraction-limited focusing with a spot size of 1.1\u00a0\u00b5m (FWHM). From the measurement of 80 consecutive laser shots at 0.1\u00a0Hz, we achieved a peak intensity of\n \n \n (<\/mml:mo>\n \n 1.1<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \n \n \n \u00b1\n \n <\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \n 0.2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n )<\/mml:mo>\n \n \u00d7\n \n <\/mml:mo>\n \n \n 1<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \n \n \n 0<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 23<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \n \n W<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \/<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n \n \n c<\/mml:mi>\n m<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n , verifying the applicability of the ultrahigh intensity PW laser for ultrahigh intensity laser\u2013matter interactions. From the statistical analysis of the PW laser shots, we identified that the intensity fluctuation originated from air turbulence in the laser beam path and beam pointing. Our achievement could accelerate the study of strong field quantum electrodynamics by enabling exploration of nonlinear Compton scattering and Breit\u2013Wheeler pair production.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/optica.420520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T14:00:07Z","timestamp":1617285607000},"page":"630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":544,"title":["Realization of laser intensity over 10\n 23<\/sup>\n \u2009\u2009W\/cm\n 2<\/sup>"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Jin Woo","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Basic Science"},{"name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeong Gyu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Basic Science"},{"name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5985-3302","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Il Woo","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Basic Science"},{"name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Hee","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Basic Science"},{"name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6588-1334","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hwang Woon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Basic Science"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1459-6066","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seong Ku","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Basic Science"},{"name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8203-0702","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chang Hee","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Basic Science"},{"name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4018(85)90151-8","volume":"55","author":"Strickland","year":"1985","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54","DOI":"10.1017\/hpl.2019.36","volume":"7","author":"Danson","year":"2019","journal-title":"High Power Laser Sci. Eng."},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S239","DOI":"10.1088\/0029-5515\/44\/12\/S15","volume":"44","author":"Danson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.2184\/lsj.36.1172","volume":"36","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Laser Eng."},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.49.001676","volume":"49","author":"Gaul","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.35.003021","volume":"35","author":"Sung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859919","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2005008","volume":"8599","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.42.002058","volume":"42","author":"Sung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5169","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.005169","volume":"25","author":"Gan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JQE.2017.2708601","volume":"53","author":"Nakamura","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.29.002837","volume":"29","author":"Bahk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.16.002109","volume":"16","author":"Yanovsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.44.002764","volume":"44","author":"Tiwari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20486","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.020486","volume":"25","author":"Pirozhkov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26776","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.026776","volume":"26","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20412","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.020412","volume":"27","author":"Yoon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1017\/hpl.2014.41","volume":"3","author":"Zou","year":"2015","journal-title":"High Power Laser Sci. Eng."},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"094301","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6633\/aacfe8","volume":"81","author":"Gales","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Phys."},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.1017\/hpl.2018.64","volume":"7","author":"Bromage","year":"2019","journal-title":"High Power Laser Sci. Eng."},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1126\/science.359.6374.382","volume":"359","author":"Cartlidge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234801","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.109.234801","volume":"109","author":"Margarone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02900","volume":"431","author":"Geddes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14659","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14659","volume":"5","author":"Mirzaie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2013.314","volume":"8","author":"Powers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224801","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.113.224801","volume":"113","author":"Sarri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s41614-020-0042-0","volume":"4","author":"Blackburn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Plasma Phys."},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105001","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.123.105001","volume":"123","author":"Vincenti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263034617000106","volume":"35","author":"Jiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laser Part. Beams"},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.78.591","volume":"78","author":"Marklund","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.84.1177","volume":"84","author":"Di Piazza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4702","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23126-7","volume":"8","author":"Vranic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"056703","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4946025","volume":"23","author":"Bulanov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263034618000563","volume":"36","author":"Doma\u0144ski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Laser Part. Beams"},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5142","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.39.005142","volume":"39","author":"Miranda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13061","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.013061","volume":"26","author":"Leroux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11641","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.011641","volume":"23","author":"Jeong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"optica-8-5-630-R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.73.000860","volume":"73","author":"Mahajan","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."}],"container-title":["Optica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=optica-8-5-630&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T15:28:22Z","timestamp":1722958102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=optica-8-5-630"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/optica.420520","relation":{},"ISSN":["2334-2536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2334-2536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OPTICA.420520","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"21 January 2021","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"23 March 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"6 May 2021","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}