{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T19:50:39Z","timestamp":1770839439441,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]],"date-time":"2011-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Spectrosc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> In this work, a study concerning the composition of Italian papers from the seventeenth to the twentieth centuries was carried out using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS). The analyzed samples consisted of papers employed for drawing, writing, printing, and absorbance. Observations carried out by SEM magnified the typical paper morphology. EDXRF in combination with XRD and SEM-EDS allowed the determination of calcite, gypsum, kaolin, talc, magnesite, and dolomite, used as fillers in the production of the papers studied herein. The inks present in the handwritten and printed papers, investigated by SEM-EDS and \u03bc-EDXRF, were synthetic, Fe based, and iron gall inks. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1366\/10-06105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]],"date-time":"2011-01-01T22:21:37Z","timestamp":1293920497000},"page":"52-59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Investigation of the Composition of Historical and Modern Italian Papers by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM-EDS)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Manso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de F\u00edsica At\u00f3mica da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 2, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal (M.M., M.L.C.); Laboratory of X-ray Analytical Applications, Institute of Earth Sciences \u201cJaume Almera\u201d, CSIC, Sol\u00e9 Sabaris s\/n. 08028 Barcelona Spain (I.Q.); and Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genova, Italy (S.V., E.P.)"}]},{"given":"Maria Luisa","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de F\u00edsica At\u00f3mica da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 2, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal (M.M., M.L.C.); Laboratory of X-ray Analytical Applications, Institute of Earth Sciences \u201cJaume Almera\u201d, CSIC, Sol\u00e9 Sabaris s\/n. 08028 Barcelona Spain (I.Q.); and Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genova, Italy (S.V., E.P.)"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Queralt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de F\u00edsica At\u00f3mica da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 2, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal (M.M., M.L.C.); Laboratory of X-ray Analytical Applications, Institute of Earth Sciences \u201cJaume Almera\u201d, CSIC, Sol\u00e9 Sabaris s\/n. 08028 Barcelona Spain (I.Q.); and Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genova, Italy (S.V., E.P.)"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Vicini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de F\u00edsica At\u00f3mica da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 2, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal (M.M., M.L.C.); Laboratory of X-ray Analytical Applications, Institute of Earth Sciences \u201cJaume Almera\u201d, CSIC, Sol\u00e9 Sabaris s\/n. 08028 Barcelona Spain (I.Q.); and Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genova, Italy (S.V., E.P.)"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Princi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de F\u00edsica At\u00f3mica da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 2, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal (M.M., M.L.C.); Laboratory of X-ray Analytical Applications, Institute of Earth Sciences \u201cJaume Almera\u201d, CSIC, Sol\u00e9 Sabaris s\/n. 08028 Barcelona Spain (I.Q.); and Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genova, Italy (S.V., E.P.)"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10-06105","volume-title":"Papermaking \u2013 The History and Technique of An Ancient Craft","author":"Hunter D.","year":"1978"},{"key":"bibr2-10-06105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03094227.1990.9638387"},{"key":"bibr3-10-06105","volume-title":"Making Paper: A Look into the History of an Ancient Craft","author":"Rudin B.","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr4-10-06105","first-page":"62","volume":"8","author":"Pedmonte E.","year":"2005","journal-title":"La Chimica e l'Industria"},{"key":"bibr5-10-06105","volume-title":"Iron Gall Inks: On Manufacture, Characterisation, Degradation and Stabilisation","author":"Kolar J.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr6-10-06105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03094227.1991.9638393"},{"key":"bibr7-10-06105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03094227.1989.9638362"},{"key":"bibr8-10-06105","unstructured":"Reyden D., Mosier E., Bakerm M., Pigment-Coated Papers I: History and Technology (ICOM Committee for Conservation, 10th Triennial Meeting, Washington, D.C., 1993), p. 491."},{"key":"bibr9-10-06105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac50022a045"},{"key":"bibr10-10-06105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b001411g"},{"key":"bibr11-10-06105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-008-2001-4"},{"key":"bibr12-10-06105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2008.06.019"},{"key":"bibr13-10-06105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4539(200001\/02)29:1<3::AID-XRS398>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"bibr14-10-06105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01242913"},{"key":"bibr15-10-06105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2005.08.073"},{"key":"bibr16-10-06105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmicro\/dfp051"},{"key":"bibr17-10-06105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2007.11.019"},{"key":"bibr18-10-06105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002160100750"},{"key":"bibr19-10-06105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro K., Princi E., Proietti N., Manso M., Carvalho M. 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