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The cause is a progressive loss of the protein-associated water up to the removal of the non-freezable water, a step which abolishes the immunoavailability of the epitope. In order to describe and prevent these adverse effects, we tested, among other substances, sugars, which are known to protect unicellular organisms from freezing and dehydration, and stabilize drugs and reagents in solid state form in medical devices. Disaccharides (lactose, sucrose) prevented the air drying-induced antigen masking and protected tissue-bound antigens and antibodies from air drying-induced damage. Complete removal of the bound antibody layers by chemical stripping was permitted if lactose was present during air drying. Lactose, sucrose and other disaccharides prevent air drying artifacts, allow homogeneous, consistent staining and the reuse of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections for repeated immunostaining rounds by guaranteeing constant staining quality in suboptimal hydration conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155415616162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,20]],"date-time":"2015-10-20T23:04:15Z","timestamp":1445382255000},"page":"18-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Disaccharides Protect Antigens from Drying-Induced Damage in Routinely Processed Tissue Sections"],"prefix":"10.1369","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Boi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Chirurgia e Medicina Traslazionale, Universit\u00e1 degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy (GB, SR, GC), Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo, Monza, Italy (CRS, RG, GC)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla Rossana","family":"Scalia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Chirurgia e Medicina Traslazionale, Universit\u00e1 degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy (GB, SR, GC), Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo, Monza, Italy (CRS, RG, GC)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rossella","family":"Gendusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Chirurgia e Medicina Traslazionale, Universit\u00e1 degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy (GB, SR, GC), Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo, Monza, Italy (CRS, RG, GC)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna","family":"Ronchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Chirurgia e Medicina Traslazionale, Universit\u00e1 degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy (GB, SR, GC), Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo, Monza, Italy (CRS, RG, GC)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Cattoretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Chirurgia e Medicina Traslazionale, Universit\u00e1 degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy (GB, SR, GC), Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo, Monza, Italy (CRS, RG, GC)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0022155415616162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018805232453"},{"key":"bibr2-0022155415616162","unstructured":"Bancroft JD, Gamble M (2008). 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