{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T04:26:52Z","timestamp":1783571212929,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]],"date-time":"2021-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640563200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"national institute on deafness and other communication disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01 DC014679"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01 DC014679"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Histochem Cytochem."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The soft palate is the only structure that reversibly separates the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems. Most species can eat and breathe at the same time. Humans cannot do this and malfunction of the soft palate may allow food to enter the lungs and cause fatal aspiration pneumonia. Speech is the most defining characteristic of humans and the soft palate, along with the larynx and tongue, plays the key roles. In addition, palatal muscles are involved in snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Considering the significance of the soft palate, its function is insufficiently understood. The objectives of this study were to document morphometric and immunohistochemical characteristics of adult human soft palate muscles, including fiber size, the fiber type, and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) composition for better understanding muscle functions. In this study, 15 soft palates were obtained from human autopsies. The palatal muscles were separated, cryosectioned, and stained using histological and immunohistochemical techniques. The results showed that there was a fast type II predominance in the musculus uvulae and palatopharyngeus and a slow type I predominance in the levator veli palatine. Approximately equal proportions of type I and type II fibers existed in both the palatoglossus and tensor veli palatine. Soft palate muscles also contained hybrid fibers and some specialized myofibers expressing slow-tonic and embryonic MyHC isoforms. These findings would help better understand muscle functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1369\/00221554211066985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]],"date-time":"2021-12-27T07:12:00Z","timestamp":1640589120000},"page":"225-236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Morphometric and Immunohistochemical Characteristics of the Adult Human Soft Palate Muscles"],"prefix":"10.1369","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Liancai","family":"Mu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Themba","family":"Nyirenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanislaw","family":"Sobotka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York"},{"name":"Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Benson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Otolaryngology, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Christopherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryosa Inc., Shoreview, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ira","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linguaflex Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00221554211066985","volume-title":"Gray\u2019s anatomy","author":"Williams PL","year":"1995","edition":"38"},{"key":"bibr2-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24531"},{"key":"bibr3-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1996.sp021617"},{"key":"bibr4-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021878299006627"},{"key":"bibr5-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00493169"},{"key":"bibr6-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(83)90034-1"},{"key":"bibr7-00221554211066985","volume-title":"Muscle biopsy: a practical approach","author":"Dubowitz V.","year":"1985","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr8-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.104.3.447"},{"key":"bibr9-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.1.179"},{"key":"bibr10-00221554211066985","volume":"41","author":"Rubinstein NA","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bibr11-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00266407"},{"key":"bibr12-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005632624826"},{"key":"bibr13-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01739810"},{"key":"bibr14-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00121158"},{"key":"bibr15-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880070507"},{"key":"bibr16-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(19991001)256:2<146::AID-AR5>3.0.CO;2-8"},{"key":"bibr17-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(96)00618-7"},{"key":"bibr18-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20741"},{"key":"bibr19-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1369\/jhc.6A7084.2006"},{"key":"bibr20-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940711600809"},{"key":"bibr21-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20727"},{"key":"bibr22-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(85)90236-X"},{"key":"bibr23-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/11-125"},{"key":"bibr24-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/12-083"},{"key":"bibr25-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00456338"},{"key":"bibr26-00221554211066985","volume":"19","author":"Atkins RW","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J"},{"key":"bibr27-00221554211066985","first-page":"25","volume":"19","author":"Kuehn DP","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J"},{"key":"bibr28-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.3.9608008"},{"key":"bibr29-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_2001_038_0438_mcotlv_2.0.co_2"},{"key":"bibr30-00221554211066985","first-page":"78","volume":"14","author":"Azzam NA","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J"},{"key":"bibr31-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22431"},{"key":"bibr32-00221554211066985","volume":"25","author":"Kuehn DP","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J"},{"key":"bibr33-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-196902000-00005"},{"key":"bibr34-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_1997_034_0466_sotmuf_2.3.co_2"},{"key":"bibr35-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/08-181"},{"key":"bibr36-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000000777"},{"key":"bibr37-00221554211066985","unstructured":"Groher ME. Dysphagia: diagnosis and management. 3rd ed. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1997."},{"key":"bibr38-00221554211066985","volume-title":"Gray\u2019s anatomy","author":"Standring S.","year":"2008","edition":"40"},{"key":"bibr39-00221554211066985","first-page":"1","volume":"250","author":"Fritzell B.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol Suppl"},{"key":"bibr40-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000264155"},{"key":"bibr41-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1995393","volume":"57","author":"Bell-Berti F.","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"bibr42-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_1994_031_0045_covmad_2.3.co_2"},{"key":"bibr43-00221554211066985","volume":"15","author":"Kuehn DP","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J"},{"key":"bibr44-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1956.19.1.44"},{"key":"bibr45-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000261799"},{"key":"bibr46-00221554211066985","volume":"5","author":"Benguerel AP","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Phonet"},{"key":"bibr47-00221554211066985","first-page":"123","volume":"29","author":"Campos D","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Morphol Sci"},{"key":"bibr48-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/02-049.1"},{"key":"bibr49-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989310900112"},{"key":"bibr50-00221554211066985","volume":"21","author":"Hairston LE","year":"1981","journal-title":"Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"bibr51-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.76.1.424"},{"key":"bibr52-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.85.3.908"},{"key":"bibr53-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.86.2.523"},{"key":"bibr54-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.3.1058"},{"key":"bibr55-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1991.70.6.2574"},{"key":"bibr56-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.125.9.937"},{"key":"bibr57-00221554211066985","volume":"260","author":"Reiser PJ","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"bibr58-00221554211066985","volume":"260","author":"Reiser PJ","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"bibr59-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1991.sp018617"},{"key":"bibr60-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1994.sp020270"},{"key":"bibr61-00221554211066985","volume":"18","author":"Galler S","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Muscle Res Cell Motil"},{"key":"bibr62-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020963021105"},{"key":"bibr63-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.635587"},{"key":"bibr64-00221554211066985","volume":"4","author":"Hoh JF.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"bibr65-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.77.2.493"},{"key":"bibr66-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1996.76.2.371"},{"key":"bibr67-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000070576"},{"key":"bibr68-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-201X.2004.01402.x"},{"key":"bibr69-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1984.64.1.103"},{"key":"bibr70-00221554211066985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489950181459"}],"container-title":["Journal of Histochemistry &amp; Cytochemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1369\/00221554211066985","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1369\/00221554211066985","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1369\/00221554211066985","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:25:38Z","timestamp":1777501538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1369\/00221554211066985"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1369\/00221554211066985"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1369\/00221554211066985","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1554","1551-5044"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1554","type":"print"},{"value":"1551-5044","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]]}}}