{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T23:42:50Z","timestamp":1777851770820,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa","award":["E-26\/200.956\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/200.956\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico - CNPq"},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior - CAPES","award":["E26\/211.570\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E26\/211.570\/2019"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004809","name":"Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Histochem Cytochem."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a key tool for the ultrastructural analysis of biological samples; however, it requires optimized fixation and contrast enhancement methods to achieve accurate results. Here, we evaluated the use of tannic acid as a mordant during primary fixation for TEM processing of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Giardia intestinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . When combined with osmium tetroxide (OsO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) post-fixation, tannic acid significantly improved in-block contrast in plasma membranes, organelle boundaries, and cytoskeletal elements, while preserving structural integrity. It increased electron density without introducing artifacts and, in some cases, allowed the omission of lead citrate staining, simplifying the protocol and reducing exposure to toxic agents. Even in the absence of OsO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    , samples processed with tannic acid retained sufficient contrast to visualize basal bodies, axonemes, and other cytoskeletal filaments. Moreover, tannic acid enhanced the visualization of poorly characterized structures in the transition zone. We also demonstrate its successful use as a post-staining agent, replacing uranyl acetate for ultrathin sections while maintaining high image quality. These findings support tannic acid as a safe, cost-effective, and efficient alternative to traditional contrast agents, particularly under biosafety constraints, and contribute to the improvement of TEM protocols for studying protozoan morphology and cell biology:\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1369\/00221554251388501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T08:20:26Z","timestamp":1762158026000},"page":"39-51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Looking Back to Move Forward: Tannic Acid in TEM of Parasitic Protozoa"],"prefix":"10.1369","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5592-2859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharmila","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina de Precis\u00e3o, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wanderley","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina de Precis\u00e3o, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4957-8538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlene","family":"Benchimol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIOTRANS-CAXIAS, Universidade do Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens e Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.59.2.267"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1996.0064"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-5320(76)80103-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jmi.12127"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2018.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/62045"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcx036"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fuce.202000080"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.185223"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2018.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927614008307"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2011.01681.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jmi.12244"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/207472"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information. Gadolinium acetate hexahydrate [Internet] PubChem Compound Summary for CID 121522021 2025. https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Gadolinium-acetate-hexahydrate."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2008.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/187152610793180821"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jsbi.1998.4035"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2016.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2016.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.13.1.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002167"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2015.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-021-02060-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-80682-8_11"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2024.108064"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001355"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05048-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-023-00490-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.23886"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106693"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053713"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.171.6.2165"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1998.4297"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00104.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927604040905"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BC20060084"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12922"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1971.tb03306.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/boc.201600050"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13061067"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjsbx.2024.100099"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2024.108127"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3274682"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","first-page":"987","article-title":"Mise en evidence des polysaccharides sur coupes fines en microscopie electronique","volume":"6","author":"Thiery JP.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Thiery JP. Mise en evidence des polysaccharides sur coupes fines en microscopie electronique. J Microsc. 1967;6:987\u20131018.","journal-title":"J Microsc"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1267\/ahc.5.233"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","article-title":"Fine structure of the elastic fibers and the elastin crystalloids by means of tannic acid fixation method","volume":"34","author":"Mizuhira V","year":"1976","unstructured":"Mizuhira V, Futaesaku Y, Nakamura H. Fine structure of the elastic fibers and the elastin crystalloids by means of tannic acid fixation method. Electron Microsc Soc Am. 1976;34:318\u20139.","journal-title":"Electron Microsc Soc Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","first-page":"71","article-title":"A structural and developmental study of adepidermal granules in the anuran tadpole using tannic acid fixation","volume":"124","author":"Tachibana T","year":"1977","unstructured":"Tachibana T, Mizuhira V, Futaesaku Y, Watanabe K. A structural and developmental study of adepidermal granules in the anuran tadpole using tannic acid fixation. J Anat. 1977;124(Pt. 1):71\u201382.","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.93.3.533"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00380459"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.65.1.227"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19.3.161"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ed042p521.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information. Gadolinium acetate hexahydrate [Internet] PubChem Compound Summary for CID 121522021 2025. https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Gadolinium-acetate-hexahydrate."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J115v23n02_05"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.23638"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3011.1981.tb02019.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/27.7.89155"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-679X(10)96008-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.47.1.167"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(90)90070-k"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2004.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-235473"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jmicro.a049983"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2019.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1070210110"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information. Gallotannin PubChem Compound Summary for CID 16129778. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine; 2024. https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Gallotannin"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","unstructured":"U.S. Coast Guard. Chemical Hazards Response Information System\u2013Hazardous Chemical Data. Commandant Instruction 16465.12C. Washington (DC): U.S. Government Printing Office; 1999."}],"container-title":["Journal of Histochemistry &amp; Cytochemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1369\/00221554251388501","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1369\/00221554251388501","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1369\/00221554251388501","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:26:06Z","timestamp":1777501566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1369\/00221554251388501"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1369\/00221554251388501"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1369\/00221554251388501","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1554","1551-5044"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1554","type":"print"},{"value":"1551-5044","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]}}}