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This study aimed to evaluate ECM alterations in a rat model of PD induced by transforming growth factor beta and to assess the potential antifibrotic effects of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into control, SHAM, PD (7 and 30 days), and PD+MMF-treated (7 and 30 days) groups (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =5\/group). Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed in the tunica albuginea. PD induction resulted in an imbalance between total collagen and reticulin fibers, a hallmark of early fibrosis, and increased proteoglycan deposition and elastic fiber disorganization. These changes were more pronounced at 30 days post-induction. MMF treatment for 30 days significantly reduced collagen ratio, restored collagen organization, and normalized the distribution of elastic fibers. Proteoglycan levels, elevated in untreated PD animals, were also decreased after 30 days of MMF therapy. In addition, MMF modulated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expressions, notably enhancing MMP-2 and MMP-3 levels, and altered the balance of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in a time-dependent manner. These findings suggest that MMF has antifibrotic effects and may be a promising therapeutic strategy for PD, particularly in the early stages of fibrosis:\u00b0\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1369\/00221554261484218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T05:26:11Z","timestamp":1788845171000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Extracellular Matrix Alterations and the Antifibrotic Role of Mycophenolate Mofetil in a Model of Peyronie\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.1369","author":[{"given":"Thiago da Silveira","family":"Antoniassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine of S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto (FAMERP), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thalles Fernando Rocha","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s (UFG), Goi\u00e2nia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6682-4550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Grigio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Roberto","family":"Falleiros-Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine of S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto (FAMERP), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone Jacovaci","family":"Colleta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4697-5757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz Cesar Fava","family":"Spessoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine of S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto (FAMERP), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0970-4288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebasti\u00e3o Roberto","family":"Taboga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0527-5623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Nestor","family":"Facio-Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine of S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto (FAMERP), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","article-title":"Peyronie\u2019s disease: what do we know and how do we treat it?","volume":"27","author":"Chung PH","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chung PH, Han TM, Rudnik B, Das AK. Peyronie\u2019s disease: what do we know and how do we treat it? Can J Urol. 2020;27(suppl 3):11\u20139.","journal-title":"Can J Urol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Rizzo RH Gonzales GC Cortines HR Fraga Carvalho CC De Rizzo L Silva Faria MH Lopes VC Facio J\u00fanior FN Fava Spessoto LC Pereira AC. The role of the Peyronie\u2019s disease questionnaire in translation cultural adaptation and treatment management for Portuguese-speaking populations. Cureus. 2024;16(12):e76242. https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/327887-the-role-of-the-peyronies-disease-questionnaire-in-translation-cultural-adaptation-and-treatment-management-for-portuguese-speaking-populations","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.76242"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziegelmann MJ Bajic P Levine LA. Peyronie\u2019s disease: contemporary evaluation and management. Int J Urol 2020;27(6):504\u201316. 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Peyronie disease as an example of nononcological, inflammatory uptake of 18F-fluorocholine in patient with prostate cancer. Clin Nucl Med. 2020;45(7):575\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","article-title":"Peyronie\u2019s disease: a review of etiology, diagnosis, and management","volume":"7","author":"Bilgutay AN","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bilgutay AN, Pastuszak AW. Peyronie\u2019s disease: a review of etiology, diagnosis, and management. Curr Sex Heal Reports. 2015;7(2):117\u201331.","journal-title":"Curr Sex Heal Reports"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u015eahin A Babayev H Cirigliano L Preto M Falcone M Alt\u0131ntas E G\u00fcl M. Unveiling the molecular Hallmarks of Peyronie\u2019s disease: a comprehensive narrative review. Int J Impot Res. 2024;36(8):801\u20138. 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