{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T21:27:41Z","timestamp":1777498061982,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,28]],"date-time":"2008-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1206662400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,27]],"date-time":"2008-03-27T19:18:21Z","timestamp":1206645501000},"page":"e1000045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["The Dynamics of Human Body Weight Change"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Carson C.","family":"Chow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin D.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1079857","article-title":"Obesity and the environment: where do we go from here?","volume":"299","author":"JO Hill","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2006-0032","article-title":"Understanding and addressing the epidemic of obesity: an energy balance perspective.","volume":"27","author":"JO Hill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E23","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00523.2005","article-title":"Computational model of in vivo human energy metabolism during semistarvation and refeeding.","volume":"291","author":"KD Hall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"A607","article-title":"Can a temporary high fat diet cause persistent obesity via acquired leptin resistance? Insights from a mathematical model.","volume":"51(S2)","author":"K Hall","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.8.1710","article-title":"A two-reservoir energy model of the human body.","volume":"32","author":"SS Alpert","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/52.5.784","article-title":"Growth, thermogenesis, and hyperphagia.","volume":"52","author":"SS Alpert","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2004.08.029","article-title":"A limit on the energy transfer rate from the human fat store in hypophagia.","volume":"233","author":"SS Alpert","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/23.9.1212","article-title":"Weight loss during fasting: implications for the obese.","volume":"23","author":"GB Forbes","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1006\/jsre.2001.6286","article-title":"Biexponential model for predicting weight loss after gastric surgery for obesity.","volume":"101","author":"EH Livingston","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803608","article-title":"How adaptations of substrate utilization regulate body composition.","volume":"31","author":"KD Hall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Dynamic coordination of macronutrient balance during infant growth: Insights from a mathematical model.","author":"P Jordan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/26.1.64","article-title":"The equations governing weight change in human beings.","volume":"26","author":"VW Antonetti","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1080\/03014467700002521","article-title":"A model for the prediction of energy balance and body weight.","volume":"4","author":"PR Payne","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ann Hum Biol"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"A23","article-title":"[autoregulation of body weight and body composition in man. a systematic approach through models and simulation].","volume":"102","author":"L Girardier","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Int Physiol Biochim Biophys"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19950037","article-title":"Energy intake, physical activity and body weight: a simulation model.","volume":"73","author":"KR Westerterp","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1006\/bulm.2001.0229","article-title":"Body weight setpoint, metabolic adaption and human starvation.","volume":"63","author":"FP Kozusko","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull Math Biol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2004.252","article-title":"Carbohydrate-fat interactions and obesity examined by a two-compartment computer model.","volume":"12","author":"JP Flatt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2004.11.012","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of the energy requirements for development of obesity.","volume":"234","author":"E Christiansen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00285-006-0037-7","article-title":"Dynamics of starvation in humans.","volume":"54","author":"B Song","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Math Biol"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Experiments on the metabolism of matter and energy in the human body.","author":"WO Atwater","year":"1903"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5749\/j.ctv9b2tqv","article-title":"The biology of human starvation","author":"A Keys","year":"1950"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"A respiration calorimeter with appliances for the direct determination of oxygen.","author":"WO Atwater","year":"1905"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E929","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00122.2006","article-title":"Patterns in food intake correlate with body mass index.","volume":"291","author":"V Periwal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"What is the required energy deficit per unit weight loss?","author":"KD Hall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Report on the Task Group on Reference Man","author":"WS Snyder","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1987.tb02684.x","article-title":"Lean body mass-body fat interrelationships in humans.","volume":"45","author":"GB Forbes","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06482.x","article-title":"Body fat content influences the body composition response to nutrition and exercise.","volume":"904","author":"GB Forbes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200737010-00003","article-title":"The effects of exercise training on fat-mass loss in obese patients during energy intake restriction.","volume":"37","author":"D Hansen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sports Med (Auckland, NZ)"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.8.1903","article-title":"Dietary protein and exercise have additive effects on body composition during weight loss in adult women.","volume":"135","author":"D Layman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200636030-00005","article-title":"The role of diet and exercise for the maintenance of fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate during weight loss.","volume":"36","author":"P Stiegler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sports Med (Auckland, NZ)"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/266349a0","article-title":"Pattern of lean and fat deposition in adults.","volume":"266","author":"A Dugdale","year":"1977","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1550-8528.1999.tb00720.x","article-title":"Differences in fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism between lean and obese subjects undergoing total starvation.","volume":"7","author":"M Elia","year":"1999","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507691946","article-title":"Body fat and fat-free mass inter-relationships: Forbes&apos;s theory revisited.","volume":"97","author":"KD Hall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brit J Nutr"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Nonlinear dynamics and chaos: With applications to physics, biology, chemistry and engineering","author":"SH Strogatz","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Nonlinear oscillations, dynamical systems, and bifurcations of vector fields","author":"J Guckenheimer","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/54.6.963","article-title":"Body composition as a determinant of energy expenditure: a synthetic review and a proposed general prediction equation.","volume":"54","author":"JJ Cunningham","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.350","article-title":"Obesity as an adaptation to a high-fat diet: evidence from a cross-sectional study.","volume":"59","author":"A Astrup","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"E282","article-title":"24-hour energy expenditure and sympathetic activity in postobese women consuming a high-carbohydrate diet.","volume":"262","author":"A Astrup","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E990","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1990.258.6.E990","article-title":"Relationship of resting metabolic rate to body composition and protein turnover.","volume":"258","author":"S Welle","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E92","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00366.2003","article-title":"Age and aerobic exercise training effects on whole body and muscle protein metabolism.","volume":"286","author":"KR Short","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.1.10","article-title":"Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure and substrate utilization in body builders.","volume":"59","author":"I Bosselaers","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.4065\/82.10.1192","article-title":"Viruses as an etiology of obesity.","volume":"82","author":"R Atkinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2006.222","article-title":"Human adenovirus ad-36 induces adiposity, up-regulates genes of adipocyte differentiation, and increases insulin sensitivity in rats.","volume":"14","author":"M Pasarica","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803366","article-title":"Adipogenic human adenovirus-36 reduces leptin expression and secretion and increases glucose uptake by fat cells.","volume":"31","author":"S Vangipuram","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"970","article-title":"Withdrawal of long-term physiological growth hormone (gh) administration: Differential effects on bone density and body composition in men with adult- onset gh deficiency.","volume":"85","author":"BMK Biller","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endotrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199503093321001","article-title":"Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight.","volume":"332","author":"RL Leibel","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["PLoS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000045","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T12:19:55Z","timestamp":1557404395000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000045"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Philip E.","family":"Bourne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,28]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000045","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1104806.560881","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,28]]}}}