{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T23:20:28Z","timestamp":1781738428469,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,28]],"date-time":"2009-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1251417600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,27]],"date-time":"2009-08-27T22:10:15Z","timestamp":1251411015000},"page":"e1000491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":371,"title":["The Origins of Lactase Persistence in Europe"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Yuval","family":"Itan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Beaumont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Burger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark G.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.37.110801.143820","article-title":"Genetics of lactase persistence and lactose intolerance.","volume":"37","author":"DM Swallow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-006-0291-1","article-title":"A novel polymorphism associated with lactose tolerance in Africa: multiple causes for lactase persistence?","volume":"120","author":"CJ Ingram","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1086\/421050","article-title":"The T allele of a single-nucleotide polymorphism 13.9 kb upstream of the lactase gene (LCT) (C-13.9kbT) does not predict or cause the lactase-persistence phenotype in Africans.","volume":"74","author":"CA Mulcare","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1946","article-title":"Convergent adaptation of human lactase persistence in Africa and Europe.","volume":"39","author":"SA Tishkoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/ng826","article-title":"Identification of a variant associated with adult-type hypolactasia.","volume":"30","author":"NS Enattah","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3945","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddi418","article-title":"T-13910 DNA variant associated with lactase persistence interacts with Oct-1 and stimulates lactase promoter activity in vitro.","volume":"14","author":"RH Lewinsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"311","article-title":"The Evolution of the Lactase Persistence Phenotype","author":"CA Mulcare","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1086\/421051","article-title":"Genetic signatures of strong recent positive selection at the lactase gene.","volume":"74","author":"T Bersaglieri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Population and molecular genetics of lactase persistence.","author":"CJ Ingram","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Human Genetics In Press"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2007.09.012","article-title":"Independent introduction of two lactase-persistence alleles into human populations reflects different history of adaptation to milk culture.","volume":"82","author":"NS Enattah","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1086\/520705","article-title":"Evidence of still-ongoing convergence evolution of the lactase persistence T-13910 alleles in humans.","volume":"81","author":"NS Enattah","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-005-1322-z","article-title":"Microsatellite variation and evolution of human lactase persistence.","volume":"117","author":"M Coelho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1072-70","article-title":"Lactose and lactase.","volume":"227","author":"N Kretchmer","year":"1972","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02235991","article-title":"Primary adult lactose intolerance and the milking habit: a problem in biologic and cultural interrelations. II. A culture historical hypothesis.","volume":"15","author":"FJ Simoons","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Dig Dis"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"7","article-title":"Origins and implications of the distribution of adult lactase deficiency in human populations.","volume":"17","author":"RD McCracken","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr Environ Child Health"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2929","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.9.2929","article-title":"A stochastic model of gene-culture coevolution suggested by the \u201cculture historical hypothesis\u201d for the evolution of adult lactose absorption in humans.","volume":"83","author":"K Aoki","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(71)80066-5","article-title":"Lactose intolerance and milk drinking habits.","volume":"60","author":"TM Bayless","year":"1971","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"21","article-title":"Genetic relationship of human populations and ethnic differences in reaction to drugs and food.","volume":"214","author":"M Nei","year":"1986","journal-title":"Prog Clin Biol Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1086\/201234","article-title":"Lactase Deficiency: An Example of Dietary Evolution.","volume":"12","author":"RD McCracken","year":"1971","journal-title":"Current Anthropology"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)93267-4","article-title":"Lactose nutrition and natural selection.","volume":"2","author":"G Flatz","year":"1973","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"9","article-title":"Was milk a \u201csecondary product\u201d in the Old World Neolithisation process? Its role in the domestication of cattle, sheep and goats.","volume":"42","author":"JD Vigne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anthropozoologica"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"Mammalian Bone.","author":"L Bartosiewicz","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00115017","article-title":"Did the first farmers of central and eastern Europe produce dairy foods?","volume":"79","author":"OE Craig","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0335955100","article-title":"Direct chemical evidence for widespread dairying in prehistoric Britain.","volume":"100","author":"MS Copley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2004.08.006","article-title":"Dairying in antiquity. III. Evidence from absorbed lipid residues dating to the British Neolithic.","volume":"32","author":"MS Copley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Archaeological Science"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07180","article-title":"Earliest date for milk use in the Near East and southeastern Europe linked to cattle herding.","volume":"455","author":"RP Evershed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3736","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607187104","article-title":"Absence of the lactase-persistence-associated allele in early Neolithic Europeans.","volume":"104","author":"J Burger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"87","article-title":"Ma\u00eetrise et usages de l'\u00e9levage et des animaux domestiques au N\u00e9olithique: quelques illustrations au Proche-Orient et en Europe.","author":"J-D Vigne","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308064100","article-title":"Mutations arising in the wave front of an expanding population.","volume":"101","author":"CA Edmonds","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msj057","article-title":"The fate of mutations surfing on the wave of a range expansion.","volume":"23","author":"S Klopfstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e410","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0030410","article-title":"Tracing the origin and spread of agriculture in Europe.","volume":"3","author":"R Pinhasi","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/162.4.2025","article-title":"Approximate Bayesian computation in population genetics.","volume":"162","author":"MA Beaumont","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330960202","article-title":"Indo-European origins: a computer-simulation test of five hypotheses.","volume":"96","author":"G Barbujani","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msg009","article-title":"Intra-deme molecular diversity in spatially expanding populations.","volume":"20","author":"N Ray","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294X.2003.02004.x","article-title":"Patterns of DNA sequence diversity and genetic structure after a range expansion: lessons from the infinite-island model.","volume":"13","author":"L Excoffier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2004.2999","article-title":"The effect of the Neolithic expansion on European molecular diversity.","volume":"272","author":"M Currat","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"The first farmers : the origins of agricultural societies","author":"PS Bellwood","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1086\/422086","article-title":"Archaeobotanical evidence for the spread of farming in the Eastern Mediterranean.","volume":"45","author":"S Colledge","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Anthropol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-624180-8.50010-X","article-title":"Demographic Archaeology","author":"FA Hassan","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1263","article-title":"Gene-culture coevolution between cattle milk protein genes and human lactase genes.","volume":"35","author":"A Beja-Pereira","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"387","article-title":"Effects of culture: geographical and historical approaches.","volume":"4","author":"F Simoons","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01263095","article-title":"The geographic hypothesis and lactose malabsorption. A weighing of the evidence.","volume":"23","author":"FJ Simoons","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Dig Dis"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301.e301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2004.10.002","article-title":"Dairying barriers affect the distribution of lactose malabsorption.","volume":"26","author":"G Bloom","year":"2005","journal-title":"Evolution and Human Behavior"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/03670244.2001.9991661","article-title":"Persistence of lactase activity among northern europeans: A weighing of the evidence for the calcium absorption hypothesis.","volume":"40","author":"FJ Simoons","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecology of Food and Nutrition"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0388.1961.tb01300.x","article-title":"Zur Fr\u00fchentwicklung der Haustiere. Die Tierreste der Neolithischen Siedlung Fikirtepe am Kleinasiatischen Gestade des Bosporus.","author":"M R\u00f6hrs","year":"1961","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Tierz\u00fcchtung und Z\u00fcchtungsbiologie"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Die Tierknochenfunde aus der Neolithischen Siedlung auf dem Fikirtepe bei Kadik\u00f6y am Marmarameer","author":"JVD Boessneck","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"151","article-title":"The Faunal Remains.","author":"H Buttenhuis","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"172","article-title":"Animal Remains From the Neolithic and Bronze Age Settlements at Kirklareli (Turkish Thrace).","author":"N Benecke","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"51","article-title":"Animals, environment, and culture in the Neolithic of the Carpathian Basin and adjacent areas.","author":"L Bartosiewicz","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Der Mensch und seine Haustiere","author":"N Benecke","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Premiers \u00e9levages n\u00e9olithqiues du Nord-Est de la France","author":"RM Arbogast","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1006\/jasc.2001.0725","article-title":"Early weaning of Neolithic domestic cattle (Bercy, France) revealed by intra-tooth variation in nitrogen isotope ratios.","volume":"29","author":"M Balasse","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Archaeological Science"},{"key":"ref53","article-title":"Le r\u00f4le des relations homme\/animal dans l'\u00e9volution \u00e9conomique et culturelle des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s des V\u2013VI mill\u00e9naires en Bassin Parisien [Th\u00e8se Doc.]","author":"A Tresset","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"299","article-title":"L'approvisionnement carn\u00e9 Cerny dans le contexte n\u00e9olithique du Bassin Parisien.","author":"A Tresset","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"Arch\u00e4ozoologische Studien zur Entwicklung der Haustierhaltung in Mitteleuropa und S\u00fcdskandinavien von den Anf\u00e4ngen bis zum ausgehenden Mittelalter. Berlin","author":"N Benecke","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"367","article-title":"The Logic of the herd: A computer simulation of archaeological herd structure.","volume":"6","author":"RLD Cribb","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal AnthrArch"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"9","article-title":"Was milk a \u201csecondary product\u201d in the Old World Neolithisation process? Its role in the domestication of cattle, sheep and goats.","volume":"42","author":"JD Vigne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anthropozoologica"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"The Geography of Strabo in eight volumes with an English translation of H.L.Jones","author":"Strabo","year":"1969"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"17","article-title":"Typologische Geschichte der Linearbandkeramik.","author":"J Pav\u00fak","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"The 6th Millennium BC boundary in Western Transdanubia and its role in the Central European Neolithic transition (The Szentgy\u00f6rgyv\u00f6lgy-Pityerdomb Settlement)","author":"E B\u00e1nffy","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref61","article-title":"Breaking unnatural barriers: Comparative archaeology, climate, and culture change in Central and Northern Europe (6000\u20132000 BC).","author":"MO Baldia"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"49","article-title":"Bandkeramische Hofpl\u00e4tze und absolute Chronologie der Bandkeramik.","author":"J L\u00fcning","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16195-3","article-title":"The unkindest cup.","volume":"363","author":"KM Weiss","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1086\/316924","article-title":"Lactase haplotype diversity in the Old World.","volume":"68","author":"EJ Hollox","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e286","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020286","article-title":"Population history and natural selection shape patterns of genetic variation in 132 genes.","volume":"2","author":"JM Akey","year":"2004","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"ref66","article-title":"Neolithic in Turkey. The cradle of civilization.","volume":"3","author":"M \u00d6zdogan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Istanbul: Ancient Anatolians Civilizations Series"},{"key":"ref67","article-title":"The history and geography of human genes","author":"LL Cavalli-Sforza","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref68","first-page":"177","article-title":"Von Zentralanatolien nach Europa. Die Ausbreitung der neolithischen Lebensweise.","author":"M \u00d6zdogan","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1038\/35074088","article-title":"Genetic evidence for Near-Eastern origins of European cattle.","volume":"410","author":"CS Troy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2005.0404","article-title":"Early history of European domestic cattle as revealed by ancient DNA.","volume":"2","author":"R Bollongino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2007.0020","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA analysis shows a Near Eastern Neolithic origin for domestic cattle and no indication of domestication of European aurochs.","volume":"274","author":"CJ Edwards","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.01.019","article-title":"Mitochondrial genomes of extinct aurochs survive in domestic cattle.","volume":"18","author":"A Achilli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5753","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005753","article-title":"The multifaceted origin of taurine cattle reflected by the mitochondrial genome.","volume":"4","author":"A Achilli","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.an.23.100194.001511","article-title":"Hunters and Farmers : Then and Now.","volume":"23","author":"KA Spielmann","year":"1994","journal-title":"Annu Rev Anthropol"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1086\/204183","article-title":"Transitions Between Cultivation and Pastoralism in Sub-Saharan Africa.","volume":"34","author":"R Mace","year":"1993","journal-title":"Current Anthropology"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-001-0627-9","article-title":"Armenian Y chromosome haplotypes reveal strong regional structure within a single ethno-national group.","volume":"109","author":"ME Weale","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5201906","article-title":"New genetic evidence supports isolation and drift in the Ladin communities of the South Tyrolean Alps but not an ancient origin in the Middle East.","volume":"16","author":"MG Thomas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref78","first-page":"57","article-title":"Radiocarbon dating and the expansion of farming culture from the Near East over Europe.","volume":"31","author":"JGD Clark","year":"1965","journal-title":"Proc Prehist Soc"},{"key":"ref79","article-title":"The mathematical theory of natural and artificial selection. Part V. Selection and mutation.","volume":"23","author":"JBS Haldane","year":"1927","journal-title":"Proc Camb Phil Soc"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"xiv, 330","article-title":"Evolutionary genetics","author":"J Maynard Smith","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3627","article-title":"Evidence for an apartheid-like social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England.","volume":"273","author":"MG Thomas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1086\/302770","article-title":"New estimates of intergenerational time intervals for the calculation of age and origins of mutations.","volume":"66","author":"M Tremblay","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"}],"container-title":["PLoS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000491","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]],"date-time":"2024-03-16T04:13:06Z","timestamp":1710562386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000491"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mark M.","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,28]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000491","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,28]]}}}